Determine whether the following reaction (equation...

Determine whether the following reaction (equation unbalanced) will be spontaneous at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. (Do we expect appreciable amounts of products to form?) $$ \begin{aligned} \mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4}(g)+\mathrm{H} \mathrm{NO}_{3}(l) & \longrightarrow \\ & \mathrm{HC}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{2}(l)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l)+\mathrm{NO}(g)+\mathrm{NO}_{2}(g) \end{aligned} $$

Determine whether the following reaction (equation unbalanced) will be spontaneous at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. (Do we expect appreciable amounts of products to form?)
$$
\begin{aligned}
\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4}(g)+\mathrm{H} \mathrm{NO}_{3}(l) & \longrightarrow \\
& \mathrm{HC}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{2}(l)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l)+\mathrm{NO}(g)+\mathrm{NO}_{2}(g)
\end{aligned}
$$

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Key Concepts

Gibbs Free Energy

Gibbs free energy (?G) is a thermodynamic potential that combines enthalpy and entropy to predict the spontaneity of a reaction under constant temperature and pressure. A negative ?G indicates a spontaneous reaction, meaning it can proceed without needing additional energy input.

Thermodynamic Spontaneity

Thermodynamic spontaneity is determined by the sign of the Gibbs free energy change. When ?G is negative, the process is spontaneous, suggesting that the system’s free energy decreases as the reaction proceeds, which is a key factor in predicting the formation of products.

Enthalpy and Entropy Relationships

The assessment of whether a reaction is spontaneous involves evaluating both the enthalpy change (?H), which indicates heat absorbed or released, and the entropy change (?S), which measures the change in system disorder. The interplay between these quantities, through the equation ?G = ?H – T?S, explains how temperature influences reaction spontaneity.

Standard State Conditions

Standard state conditions, typically defined as 25°C (298 K), 1 atm pressure, and 1 M concentration for solutions, provide a common reference for determining thermodynamic properties. Evaluating a reaction under these conditions helps ascertain its spontaneity and extent of product formation.

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