Devise a set of criteria that will allow you to classify the...

Devise a set of criteria that will allow you to classify the following substances as ionic or non-ionic: $\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}, \mathrm{Cu}, \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{NaBr}$ , and C(graphite). Show your criteriato your instructor.

Key Concepts

Electronegativity Differences

Electronegativity differences between atoms provide a useful criterion for predicting the type of bonding that will form. A large difference in electronegativity between two atoms typically indicates the formation of ionic bonds due to significant electron transfer, while a smaller difference tends to favor covalent bonding. This concept helps in classifying compounds based on the nature of the interactions between atoms.

Physical Properties and Lattice Structures

The physical properties of substances, such as melting point, solubility, electrical conductivity, and structural features like crystal lattices, serve as important indicators of the type of bonding present. Ionic compounds usually form well-defined lattice structures and exhibit high melting points and electrical conductivity in molten or aqueous forms, whereas covalent compounds and metals display different characteristic physical behaviors based on their bonding types.

Metallic Bonding

Metallic bonding is the force that holds metal atoms together, where electrons are delocalized over a lattice of metal ions. This delocalization allows metals to conduct electricity and heat, and it gives rise to their characteristic malleability and ductility. Recognizing metallic bonding is crucial for understanding substances that are conductive in their solid state.

Covalent Bonding

Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, frequently occurring between non-metal atoms. This type of bond leads to the formation of molecules with discrete units. Covalent compounds usually have lower melting and boiling points compared to ionic compounds, and they generally do not conduct electricity in solid or molten states due to the lack of charged particles.

Ionic Bonding

Ionic bonding occurs when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, typically between metals and non-metals. This transfer creates oppositely charged ions that attract each other, forming a crystal lattice. Substances that form ionic bonds generally have high melting and boiling points, are brittle, and can conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water.

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