Draw structural formulas for all possible carbocations formed by the reaction of each alkene wit

Draw structural formulas for all possible carbocations...

Key Concepts

Electrophilic Addition Reaction

This reaction involves the attack of an electrophile (in this case H+ from HCl) on a nucleophilic alkene, leading to the formation of a carbocation intermediate. The overall process is characteristic of alkenes reacting with substances like hydrogen halides, where the double bond breaks and new bonds are formed in a stepwise mechanism.

Carbocation Intermediate

A carbocation is a positively charged, electron-deficient species formed during the electrophilic addition reaction. It is an intermediate that can further react with a nucleophile, such as the chloride ion in this reaction, to form the final addition product.

Markovnikov's Rule

Markovnikov's rule predicts the regiochemistry of the addition reaction, stating that the hydrogen atom from HCl will add to the carbon of the double bond having more hydrogen substituents, while the chlorine will add to the carbon with fewer hydrogen substituents. This is because the formation of the more stable carbocation intermediate is favored.

Carbocation Stability

Carbocations are classified based on the number of alkyl groups attached to the positively charged carbon: primary (one alkyl group), secondary (two alkyl groups), and tertiary (three alkyl groups). The stability increases from primary to tertiary due to hyperconjugation and inductive effects, which help to disperse and stabilize the positive charge, influencing the preferred pathway in electrophilic addition reactions.

Transcript

00:01 Hi, in the problem from chapter elkins and alkynes, we are given some of the structures of elkins.

00:09 We have to write the structural formulas for all the possible carboketans which are formed when each of these given alkin reacts with hydrochloric acid, that is hcl.

00:19 And also we have to label the carboketan as primary secondary or tertiary.

00:23 So first of all, let's understand what are primary secondary and tertiary carboketan.

00:27 Primary carboketion labeled as one degree is that carboketion.

00:31 Where the carbon with positive charge is bonded to only one carbon atom.

00:37 While a secondary carbocatan labeled as two degree is that where the carbon with positive charge is further bonded to two carbon atoms of alkyl groups or maybe of aerial group.

00:50 Then a tertiary carbocatin labeled as three degree is that where the carbon with positive charge is further bonded to three other carbon atoms.

00:59 So now we will start with the first.

01:01 One.

01:02 The first one is this.

01:05 One more thing in all these ilkines when they react with hydrochloric acid, the positive charge is developed on the carbon atom, which are double bonded.

01:13 So the two possible carbocatin in this case are shown here.

01:18 Ch3, ch2, ch2, c bonded to ch3 and positive charges developed on this carbon atom, then ch2, ch3.

01:31 Another carbocatine, another carbocatine.

01:33 With this molecule possible is ch3, ch2, ch2, ch bonded to ch3, then chch3 in positive charges developed here.

01:46 So these are the carbocatinst formed by the reaction of first alkene with hydrochloric acid.

01:53 So this carbocatine where we have the carbon atom with positive charge bonded to three other carbon atoms is the tertiary carbocatine.

02:01 This carboketion with positive charge carbon atom bonded to two carbon atoms represents secondary carboketide...

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