Draw the condensed structural formula for the organic product formed when each of the following

Draw the condensed structural formula for the organic...

Key Concepts

Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation is a reduction reaction where molecular hydrogen (H2) is added to unsaturated bonds or functional groups in the presence of a metal catalyst such as nickel. It is commonly used to saturate carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom double bonds by facilitating the addition of hydrogen atoms, and the catalyst provides a surface for the reaction while lowering the activation energy.

Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds

The reduction of carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes and ketones, involves converting the carbon–oxygen double bond into a carbon–oxygen single bond, typically forming alcohols. This transformation is a key functional group change in organic synthesis, where the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group is converted to a less oxidized form by the addition of hydrogen.

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves catalysts that are in a different phase than the reactants, such as a solid metal catalyst operating in a gas or liquid phase. In hydrogenation reactions, a solid nickel catalyst provides active sites for molecular hydrogen and the substrate to interact, enabling efficient and often selective reduction of various functional groups.

Transcript

00:02 Okay, so anytime you're doing a reduction reaction, by definition, you're either going to gain a hydrogen or lose an oxygen.

00:16 And as a result, you're going to decrease the number of carbon oxygen bonds that are present in the molecule.

00:25 So for example, in these problems, you're gaining a hydrogen from your hydrogen gas and you're decreasing the, number of carbon oxygen bonds because you're going to break this one of these carbon oxygen bonds.

00:39 So you're going to go from a carbon oxygen double bond to a carbon oxygen single bond.

00:45 So let's just keep this kind of in the top right corner.

00:51 So as i mentioned, we're going to break this carbon, one of these carbon oxygen double bonds.

00:59 So let's go ahead and the first thing you can do is draw out your skeletal representation or your skeletal structure.

01:10 Where now we broke one of these bonds, so now there's only going to be a single bond between this carbon and this oxygen.

01:16 Now because we're adding hydrogen, you're going to have one hydrogen adding to the oxygen of our alcohol and one hydrogen adding and forming a new bond with the adjacent carbon.

01:33 So this would be our final structure.

01:35 And you'll notice that this is a secondary alcohol.

01:41 And so secondary alcohols are always going to result from a ketone, which in this case, from the name you have, you know it's a ketone, you have an ethyl group on one side, an apropal group on the other.

02:00 So let's go to the second.

02:02 So the second structure is formaldehyde.

02:05 And so this structure, you have a carbon -oxygen double bond, and this carbon is also bonded to two hydrogens.

02:15 So because this is a reduction, we're going to break this carbon -oxygen bond.

02:23 So we have a single bond between these two atoms.

02:27 And we're also going to form a new bond between this oxygen and one of these hydrogens, and between the adjacent carbon and the other hydrogen.

02:37 And again, because you're adding hydrogens and reducing the number of carbon oxygen bonds, this is classified as a reduction reaction.

02:48 So you'll notice that this is a primary alcohol.

02:51 It's actually methanol.

02:54 And this is always going to result from an albohed...

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