Draw the products formed when each alkene is treated with...

Key Concepts

Carbocation Intermediates

Carbocation intermediates are transient, positively charged species that are often formed during the electrophilic addition of acids like HCl to alkenes. The stability of these intermediates, which is influenced by the degree of substitution, plays a pivotal role in determining the reaction pathway and the final product distribution.

Alkene Reaction Mechanisms

Alkenes, due to their carbon-carbon double bond, are electron-rich and predisposed to electrophilic addition reactions. This mechanism involves the attack of the alkene's ? electrons on an electrophile, leading to the formation of an intermediate that subsequently reacts with a nucleophile. Understanding this mechanism is crucial to predicting the products formed when alkenes react with acids, such as HCl.

Electrophilic Addition

Electrophilic addition is a fundamental reaction type in organic chemistry where an electrophile is added across the double bond of an alkene. In this process, the electron-rich alkene bond is targeted by an electrophilic reagent, which initiates the reaction and ultimately leads to the addition of substituents across the former double bond.

Markovnikov's Rule

Markovnikov's rule is a key principle that governs the regioselectivity in electrophilic addition reactions of unsymmetrical alkenes. It states that in the addition of HX to an alkene, the hydrogen atom attaches to the carbon with more hydrogen atoms already present, while the halide attaches to the more substituted carbon. This rule is essential for predicting the major product in such reactions.

Transcript

00:01 Draw the products formed when each alkenes is treated with acid.

00:05 All right, let's go ahead and draw this.

00:11 Simple acid.

00:12 Okay, so the first thing that's going to happen is that this alkenes is going to donate an electron, and it's also going to donate an electron to, so it's going to donate one to carbon, one to that hydrogen out there.

00:22 We just need to figure out which one goes which.

00:24 So remember that we want, we can't, when we have a substitution right here, making this particular carbon fairly stable.

00:35 So we're going to go ahead and donate an electron to this carbon because it's most likely to hold a carbocat ion.

00:43 And the other side is going to get the hydrogen.

00:48 And let's see how it gets those electrons.

00:50 So it's going to need to something looking like this.

00:54 Carbocat ion, new bond with hydrogen.

00:58 This carbocat ion, we could have gone the other way, right? we could have gone the other way.

01:11 Could have, oh my gosh, i can't draw it.

01:16 We could have a hydrogen here and we could have a carbocatin here.

01:21 This is not stable.

01:26 Well, they're both not stable.

01:27 This is, i guess it's better to say more stable.

01:33 More stable, less stable.

01:36 So we're not going to go with this one.

01:38 We're going to go here.

01:40 This is what we want.

01:42 Plus our negative cl.

01:46 What's going to happen is one of these lone pairs is going to attack that carbocation.

01:51 That carbocation will accept leading to the addition of cl right there.

02:03 Just like that.

02:04 And there is also, of course, our hydrogen down here.

02:08 Don't forget that there's two hydrogens down here, but we don't need to draw those hydrogens unless your professor specifically wants you to track them.

02:15 Looking at b...

Please give Ace some feedback