En la tabla que sigue vemos que el aumento de radio atómico entre el Zr y el Hf es menor que ent

step 1 So HF contains the following electrons, xenon, 4F14, 5D2, 6S2. So it contains a completely fille

En la tabla que sigue vemos que el aumento de radio atómico...

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Key Concepts

Atomic Radius Trends

Atomic radii trends are governed by the balance between nuclear charge and the shielding effect provided by inner electrons. Across a period, the increasing nuclear charge normally decreases the atomic radius, while down a group, additional electron shells tend to increase it. Phenomena such as lanthanide contraction and relativistic effects modify these trends in certain regions of the periodic table, leading to unexpected variations between similar groups of elements.

Relativistic Effects

For heavier elements, relativistic effects become important because inner electrons approach speeds where relativistic corrections cannot be neglected. These effects cause the electrons, particularly those in s and d orbitals, to contract spatially. This orbital contraction in elements like Hf helps to mitigate the expected increase in atomic radius despite a higher nuclear charge.

Lanthanide Contraction

In the lanthanide series, the filling of the 4f orbitals leads to a poor shielding effect against the increasing nuclear charge. This results in a gradual decrease or contraction of the atomic radii in subsequent elements, which explains why the increase in atomic radius between elements such as Zr and Hf is smaller compared to that observed between Y and La.

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