Environmental conditions. The standard free energy of...

Environmental conditions. The standard free energy of hydrolysis for ATP is $-30.5 \mathrm{kJ} \mathrm{mol}^{-1}\left(-7.3 \mathrm{kcal} \mathrm{mol}^{-1}\right)$ $$\mathrm{ATP}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{ADP}+\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{i}}$$ What conditions might be changed to alter the free energy of hydrolysis?

Environmental conditions. The standard free energy of hydrolysis for ATP is $-30.5 \mathrm{kJ} \mathrm{mol}^{-1}\left(-7.3 \mathrm{kcal} \mathrm{mol}^{-1}\right)$
$$\mathrm{ATP}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{ADP}+\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{i}}$$
What conditions might be changed to alter the free energy of hydrolysis?

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Key Concepts

Concentration Effects

The free energy of a reaction under non?standard conditions is affected by the concentrations of the reactants and products. According to the expression ?G = ?G° + RT log Q, where Q is the reaction quotient, altering concentrations shifts the equilibrium and the reaction free energy. Increasing product concentration or decreasing reactant concentration can make the reaction less exergonic than under standard conditions.

Temperature Effects

Temperature influences the reaction free energy through the relationship ?G = ?H - T?S, where changes in temperature modify both the enthalpic and entropic contributions to the free energy. By altering the temperature, the balance between these factors changes, potentially enhancing or diminishing the spontaneity of the reaction.

pH and Ionic Strength

Variations in pH and ionic strength impact reactions, especially those involving proton transfers or charged species, by affecting the activity and stability of the molecules involved. Changes in these environmental conditions can alter the effective concentrations and interactions of charged species, which in turn modifies the free energy change associated with the reaction.

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