Figure shows four batteries of emf E and internal resistance ' r^' are connected in series. The

step 1 This is the circuit given in the cushion where four batteries are connected in series. We have r

Figure shows four batteries of emf E and internal resistance...

Figure shows four batteries of emf $E$ and internal resistance ' $r^{\prime}$ are connected in series. The voltage across each battery is:
(a) $2 \mathrm{~V}$
(b) $0 \mathrm{~V}$
(c) $1.5 \mathrm{~V}$
(d) $0.75 \mathrm{~V}$

Key Concepts

Series Connection

When batteries are connected in series, their electromotive forces (emfs) add together to form the total voltage of the combination, and the current passing through each battery is the same. This concept is essential in circuit analysis for determining the overall output voltage and the effect of internal resistances when designing circuits that involve multiple power sources in series.

Electromotive Force (EMF)

The electromotive force, or emf, is the inherent voltage provided by a battery when no current is drawn from it. It represents the energy per unit charge made available by the chemical reactions within the battery, and is a fundamental parameter for understanding the voltage potential a battery can provide in a circuit.

Internal Resistance

Internal resistance is the resistance within the battery itself that impedes the flow of current, causing a voltage drop when current flows. This concept is key for understanding why the terminal voltage of a battery under load is lower than its emf, and it plays an important role in the efficiency and performance of the battery in practical applications.

Terminal Voltage

Terminal voltage is the actual voltage measured across the battery's terminals when it is connected to a load. It is determined by subtracting the voltage drop across the internal resistance (caused by the current flow) from the emf. Analyzing the terminal voltage is crucial for predicting the real-world performance of batteries in electrical circuits.

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