For the network of Fig. 172 a. Determine AvNL,, Zi, and Zo b. Sketch the two-port model of Fig.

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For the network of Fig. 172 a. Determine AvNL,, Zi, and Zo...

For the network of Fig. 172 a. Determine $A_{v_{\mathrm{NL}},}, Z_{i},$ and $Z_{o}$ b. Sketch the two-port model of Fig. 63 with the parameters determined in part (a) in place. c. Determine $A_{v_{L}}$ and $A_{v_{s}}$ d. Calculate $A_{i_{L}}$ e. Change $R_{L}$ to $5.6 \mathrm{k} \Omega$ and calculate $A_{v_{s}}$. What is the effect of increasing levels of $R_{L}$ on the gain? f. Change $R_{s}$ to $0.5 \mathrm{k} \Omega$ (with $R_{L}$ at $2.7 \mathrm{k} \Omega$ ) and comment on the effect of reducing $R_{s}$ on $A_{v_{s}}$ g. Change $R_{L}$ to $5.6 \mathrm{k} \Omega$ and $R_{s}$ to $0.5 \mathrm{k} \Omega$ and determine the new levels of $Z_{i}$ and $Z_{o} .$ How are the impedance parameters affected by changing levels of $R_{L}$ and $R_{s} ?$

For the network of Fig. 172
a. Determine $A_{v_{\mathrm{NL}},}, Z_{i},$ and $Z_{o}$
b. Sketch the two-port model of Fig. 63 with the parameters determined in part (a) in place.
c. Determine $A_{v_{L}}$ and $A_{v_{s}}$
d. Calculate $A_{i_{L}}$
e. Change $R_{L}$ to $5.6 \mathrm{k} \Omega$ and calculate $A_{v_{s}}$. What is the effect of increasing levels of $R_{L}$ on the gain?
f. Change $R_{s}$ to $0.5 \mathrm{k} \Omega$ (with $R_{L}$ at $2.7 \mathrm{k} \Omega$ ) and comment on the effect of reducing $R_{s}$ on $A_{v_{s}}$
g. Change $R_{L}$ to $5.6 \mathrm{k} \Omega$ and $R_{s}$ to $0.5 \mathrm{k} \Omega$ and determine the new levels of $Z_{i}$ and $Z_{o} .$ How are the impedance parameters affected by changing levels of $R_{L}$ and $R_{s} ?$

Key Concepts

Loading Effects

Loading effects describe how the connection of additional elements such as source resistances (R_s) and load resistances (R_L) can alter the intrinsic performance of a circuit. In amplifiers, these effects modify the realized voltage and current gain because the source and load impedances form voltage dividers with the amplifier's internal impedances. Analyzing loading effects is vital for ensuring that the amplifier operates as intended when interfaced with other circuitry.

Two-Port Network Models

Two-port network models are simplified representations of complex circuits that allow analysis using parameters defined at two pairs of terminals (input and output). They encapsulate the behavior of the network in terms of voltage and current relations through parameters such as impedance, admittance, hybrid, or transmission parameters. These models facilitate systematic analysis of how interconnected circuits will interact under varying loading conditions.

Output Impedance

Output impedance is the impedance that appears at the output terminal of a circuit when viewed from the load. This parameter affects the voltage drop across the output when a load is connected. A low output impedance is generally preferred to ensure that the voltage delivered to the load remains relatively constant despite variations in the load impedance.

Input Impedance

Input impedance is the effective resistance (or more generally, impedance) seen by the source when looking into the input port of a circuit or network. It is crucial in determining how much of the source voltage is actually delivered to the amplifier and influences signal attenuation. A high input impedance is typically desirable in voltage amplifiers to minimize loading on the preceding stage.

Voltage Gain

Voltage gain is the ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage. It can be measured under different conditions such as with no load (open-circuit) or with a load connected, and it is a central parameter in evaluating amplifier performance. Understanding the different types of voltage gain—such as open-circuit gain (A_v_NL), loaded voltage gain (A_v_L), and source-referred voltage gain (A_v_s)—is essential for predicting how an amplifier will perform in practical circuits where loading effects occur.

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