Four successive membcrs of the first row transi- tion...

Four successive membcrs of the first row transi-
tion elements are listed with their atomic numbers. Which one of them is expected to have the highest rhird ionizarion cncrgy?
(a) iron $(7,-26)$
(b) vartadium $(\angle=23)$
(c) manganese $(7,-25)$
(d) chromium $(7-24)$

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Key Concepts

Subshell Stability

Certain electron arrangements, such as half-filled or fully filled subshells, confer extra stability to an atom or ion. In the context of transition metals, achieving a half-filled d subshell can result in a significant increase in the ionization energy required to remove an additional electron, thereby influencing which element exhibits the highest third ionization energy.

Electron Configuration

Electron configuration describes the distribution of electrons among the orbitals of an atom. In transition elements, the arrangement of electrons in the d subshell plays a crucial role in chemical and physical properties, including ionization energies.

Ionization Energy

Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion. This concept is essential for understanding how strongly an electron is held by the nucleus, and it varies with factors such as nuclear charge and electron shielding.

Successive Ionization Energies

When electrons are removed one after the other from an atom, each removal requires a progressively higher amount of energy. The third ionization energy, in particular, involves stripping an electron from a doubly charged ion, and it is more sensitive to the details of electron configuration and effective nuclear charge than the first ionization energy.

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