How many valence electrons do each of the following elements...

Key Concepts

Periodic Table and Group Trends

The periodic table is organized such that elements in the same group (vertical column) typically have the same number of valence electrons. This regularity allows for the prediction of chemical properties and reactivity trends. Understanding group trends helps in inferring the valence electron count for many elements, especially the representative (main group) elements.

Orbital Types and Valence Counting

Different orbitals (s, p, d, f) contribute differently to the valence electron count. For most main-group elements, the electrons in the outermost s and p orbitals are considered valence electrons, while for transition metals and inner transition metals, determining the valence electrons can be more complex as electrons from the d or even f orbitals may participate in bonding.

Electron Configuration

Electron configuration describes the distribution of electrons among the various atomic orbitals. It is used to identify which electrons are in the outermost (valence) shell, and often employs shorthand notation using noble gas cores. This concept is vital for determining the number and types of valence electrons in an element.

Valence Electrons

Valence electrons are the electrons located in the outermost electron shell of an atom. They determine how an element behaves chemically, influencing reactivity, bond formation, and electrical conductivity. Counting and understanding valence electrons is fundamental in predicting and explaining chemical interactions and properties.

Transcript

00:01 All right, guys, you're doing problem 104 of chapter 7.

00:03 So how many valence electrons do each of the following elements have? and where the specific valence electrons for each element? we're going to look at calcium, oxygen, element 117, indium, organ, and bismuth.

00:28 So a, b, c, d, e, and f.

00:41 So let's serve calcium.

00:44 Calcium is over here.

00:45 And starting from noble gas, we have one, two, balanced electrons, and these are in the s orbital.

00:52 S orbital, so there are two electrons here, and we have n equals 1, 2, 3, 4, so that's the 4s orbital.

01:00 So it's going to be 4s2.

01:07 Now, oxygen over here, the closest, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, nobacus forward is helium.

01:15 So, we're going to go one, two.

01:17 We have two electrons in the s block, and then.

01:19 We have one, two, three, four, four electrons in the p block, with a total of six electrons.

01:25 And those specific electrons are when n equals two, so 2s2, 2p4.

01:35 Now, if i element 117, we're down here.

01:38 So we're at radon.

01:40 So remember, our valence electrons are the electrons in our highest energy level...

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