human-genome-sequences-are-being-examined-with-a-variety-of-new-techniques-to-assess-the-role-of-pos

Name: human genome sequences are being examined with a variety of new techniques to assess the role of pos
Uploaded: 2020-07-15
Duration: 2 min 58 s
Channel: Numerade
Description: Human genome sequences are being examined with a variety of new techniques to assess the role of positive natural selection in recent human evolution. For a start on this literature, see:

Question

Human genome sequences are being examined with a variety of new techniques to assess the role of positive natural selection in recent human evolution. For a start on this literature, see:

Carlene Jimenez · Accepted Answer

so this necessarily isn&#x27;t a question, but it does, um, refer you to some literature about what went into the shaping of the genetic code, Um, and the research behind that. So in this first paper, using the random generation of new genetic code and comparing these new codes to known quoting triplet concentrations in or in a binding sites, researchers showed that the characteristic characteristics of the genetic code being error minimizing and having stereo chemical associations between coding triplets and biting sites or trades which developed independently Well, the paper did not make any new or direct hypotheses towards how the genetic code as we know it developed. Researchers stated that their findings were robust enough to be applied to existing hypotheses. Um, for the evolution of the genetic code, Um, in the second paper, um, the genetic code as we know it is error minimizing, um, the amino acids produced falling point mutations are identical or of similar properties to the original amino acid. Um, and there are two hypotheses. As for why this is the first, is that the genetic code was selected for specifically for being error mint, minimizing and providing the heist fitness to individuals who possessed it. Um, and the second hypothesis is that the genetic code is air minimizing as a historical artifact, um, resulting from an optimization of a primordial genetic code, which encoded fewer than the 20 amino acids that we have today, researchers generated randomized, um, sets of historically restricted you that a code to compare the robustness of the second my process with the efficiency of the genetic code today. And they found that the historically restricted code was less efficient than the genetic code of today. And this overall suggested that the second hypothesis does not fully explained the error minimization that we see in the genetic code as we know it. Um, in this third paper, they say, Did that be? Genetic code is air minimizing but unequally, Um, the third court on position is more a bust in the second, which in turn is more robust in the first at minimizing mis translations and researchers were investigating. The role of mutation will condition trans version by disease as well as the role of mis translation by season shaping. That is that a code overall finding that mistranslation biases may have played a stronger, um, selective force in determining the efficiency of genetic code. Um, and this final paper, um, was just a comprehensive review were in the author&#x27;s proposed that the initial genetic code was shaped by stereo chemical interactions between amino acids and Arnie, which further were shaped by bio synthetic modifications on these amino acids before finally being optimized with code on reassignment, giving us the genetic code that we know today.

Catheryne Frazier · Answer

hello we learned earlier in the chapter. The genomics is come the study of complete sets of genes from 1990 to 2003 the entire human genome with sequins, and we were found to have just under 21,000 genes. Chimpanzees and bonobos are tied for closest human relatives. If we put them on a cloud and Graham, they might look like this with chimpanzees and bonobos closely related and both of them also related to humans, all three of them sharing a common ancestor here. If I&#x27;m looking at a section of a gene in humans but might look like this a T C T T G. But in chimpanzees, it might look like this. A u C T u T G. We can tell that humans and chimpanzees are closely related because of how similar their genetic sequences honor. Humans and chimpanzees have a one quint to percent difference in single base substitution ins. So if we have, with just one based substituting for another base, 2.7% of the differences in chimpanzees and humans are due to insertions in delusions in larger regions of jeans, certain conditions and diseases like tuberculosis can drive the genomes to different evolutionary paths. Resistance to diseases found in the human genome are found or not found in the chimpanzee genome. Another gene rocks P two. It is thought to have led to our ability to vocalize and speak and is different than the Fox P two gene in chimpanzees. Expanding genomic studies to other species can lead us to a bigger picture of how closely related to other species we are and how closely really are related to us. Thank you.

Kendrick Buford · Answer

How does mobile elements tie into natural selection? Let&#x27;s think about that. So mobile genetic elements consider a great example of the prediction that natural selection can happen a little levels besides individual level. And I think I said in the previous video, How when we think by natural selection, you think about the person that, proverbial I am a creature in this environment and maybe I&#x27;m square shaped Now the squares shape creatures air easily picked out, and then arises a triangle shaped, not intelligent. Of course, this isn&#x27;t telling designs just by happenstance, probably due to a mobile genetic elements. I&#x27;m just being honest and we learn bit. Where is the purple ones? Or the blue ones? Don&#x27;t do a great job. Surviving triangles wants to just find. So I was trying. Triangle ones are going to reproduce. Make more triangle. They&#x27;re all spring and Israel. It is how natural selection works in this You. So I was mobile genetics. More wellness show was how this nationalist could actually happen on the level of the genome. Well, mo illness also, um, heritable. So if you if you have a change of your Gino on a germ line later So we&#x27;re talking about your, I think, the tricks that will be passed on a year. Six seals germline changes, pays from generation to generation. And now it&#x27;s a bit different on a visual level because you can have a a germline mutation that&#x27;s the only been fished to the seal, and that&#x27;s still pass. But that&#x27;s hurtful to the organism or you haven&#x27;t journal Limitation is grateful the seal and that also has this because his advantage so is steel favored. And just like in both cases, the Journal I mutation kills the CEO is not advantageous, so it reduces things like, I guess, reproductive success than anyone past. But as long as these germline changes up regulate reproductions, is is you&#x27;re going to see it being heritable all the time. And so this is just natural selection on a smaller scale. But keep in mind this ask, be injuring my sales. If you get these type of things and somatic cells we see there, like in certain types of counsel, is not natural selection because, you know, pass at home. That&#x27;s only gonna be in your seals. That&#x27;s only one divine in your body. That&#x27;s what we call him by the seals

Emma Miller · Answer

Hi. I wanted to cover an important topic in evolution and in gene regulation. And that&#x27;s this idea of highly conserved gene regions. Okay, So if this is my chromosome, no matter what species you belong Thio, there are going to be particular regions along the chromosome that are going to be what we call highly conserved. And these highly conserved regions are regions of our DNA that are very similar across species. So this highly conserved region could belong to humans, but it can also belong to maybe a mouse or we might even find it in some plants. But basically we&#x27;re just referring to a region of DNA that, um no matter what species you belong thio the region looks similar and I want to talk about some reasons why this might happen. Why do we have regions of our genome that are so similar to other species? And these regions do not necessarily always equal proteins so highly conserved, does not, does not always equal protein. We can have highly conserved regions of our DNA that are really important, that they stay the same sequence, but they might not necessarily produce anything. Okay, So in order to illustrate this. I want you to think about a gene. So I&#x27;ve got my gene region here, and this gene is going to be expressed at some point, right? But in order to do that, something really important has to happen at the beginning of my gene. There&#x27;s a promoter region here, Okay. And this promoter region is DNA, but it is never coated or never transcribed. Okay, Um, it is essential, though, for binding different enzymes that are going to come in here and bind here. And that&#x27;s going to allow for our Rivasseau Mobile unit to come in and bind to this gene and actually transcribe it. So even though this promoter never itself turns into protein, it&#x27;s obviously super important for this process, right? So it makes sense then that this region would be highly conserved. So that&#x27;s one explanation for why we might have a chunk of DNA that looks similar across species. Another explanation is actually our rivals own right here. This right zone is made up of protein. Yes, but it&#x27;s also made up of a special kind of RNA, and this are in a, um, never gets turned into an actual protein, but it is nonetheless incorporated into this complex. And so regions of the DNA. That code for this Ribas Elmo Arna will be conserved. But that doesn&#x27;t necessarily mean that it&#x27;s going to be a protein. So I hope this kind of kind of clears up, Um, why we might have these highly conserved regions in our DNA that that don&#x27;t necessarily produce an enzyme or some kind of functional protein, but they are still really crucial for how proteins are created and for how genes are expressed in general.

Sam Limsuwannarot · Answer

here wants us discard the difference between solitary genes, gene families suited jeans and 10 dimly number PDG. So solitary jeans air basically single isolated genes. Gene families are basically genes that have similar function. Pseudo genes are basically genes that do not code for anything, and tenement repeated genes are basically genes that are repeated along tandems.

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For another example like the research on collared…

Problem 16 Easy Difficulty

Human genome sequences are being examined with a variety of new techniques to assess the role of positive natural selection in recent human evolution. For a start on this literature, see:

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