Identify the experimental units or subjects, the explanatory...

Identify the experimental units or subjects, the explanatory variables (factors), the treatments, and the response variables. You can use Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) to make long-distance telephone calls over the Internet. How will the cost affect the use of this service? A university plans an experiment to find out. It will offer the service to all 350 students in one of its dormitories. Some students will pay a low flat rate. Others will pay higher rates at peak periods and very low rates off-peak. The university is interested in the amount and time of use and in the effect on the congestion of the network.

Identify the experimental units or subjects, the explanatory variables (factors), the treatments, and the response variables.

You can use Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) to make long-distance telephone calls over the Internet. How will the cost affect the use of this service? A university plans an experiment to find out. It will offer the service to all 350 students in one of its dormitories. Some students will pay a low flat rate. Others will pay higher rates at peak periods and very low rates off-peak. The university is interested in the amount and time of use and in the effect on the congestion of the network.

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Key Concepts

Experimental Units

Experimental units are the individual subjects or items to which a treatment is applied in an experiment. They are the basic elements on which the outcomes are measured and to which the treatments are assigned, ensuring that variations in the response are due to the experimental manipulation rather than extraneous differences.

Explanatory Variables (Factors)

Explanatory variables are the conditions or characteristics that are manipulated or observed to determine their effect on the response variable. These factors are expected to influence the outcome of the experiment, and variations in these variables help establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Treatments

Treatments refer to the specific conditions or interventions applied to the experimental units based on the levels of the explanatory variables. They are carefully designed to isolate the effects of the explanatory variables, allowing for comparison of the resulting responses across different conditions.

Response Variables

Response variables are the measured outcomes that are affected by the treatment. They provide the data needed to evaluate how changes in the explanatory variables impact the experimental units, serving as the basis for testing the hypotheses of the experiment.

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