Identify the type of crystalline solid (metallic, network...

Identify the type of crystalline solid (metallic, network covalent, ionic, or molecular) formed by each of the following substances: (a) $\mathrm{CaCl}_{2}$ (?) 25.35 (?) $25.35 \mathrm{m}$. (b) SiC (c) $\mathrm{N}_{2}$ (?) $\left(\frac{0}{1}\right)$. (d) Fe ( (e) C (graphite) $(\mathrm{f}) \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$ (g) HCl (i) $\begin{array}{ll}\text { (?) } & \text { (?) } 4 \\ \text { (?) }\end{array}$ (h) $\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{NO}_{3}$ (i) $\mathrm{K}_{3} \mathrm{P}_{4}$ (?) 2 (?) 25.57

Identify the type of crystalline solid (metallic, network covalent, ionic, or molecular) formed by each of the following substances:
(a) $\mathrm{CaCl}_{2}$
(?) 25.35
(?) $25.35 \mathrm{m}$.
(b) SiC
(c) $\mathrm{N}_{2}$
(?) $\left(\frac{0}{1}\right)$.
(d) Fe
(
(e) C (graphite)
$(\mathrm{f}) \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$
(g) HCl (i) $\begin{array}{ll}\text { (?) } & \text { (?) } 4 \\ \text { (?) }\end{array}$
(h) $\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{NO}_{3}$
(i) $\mathrm{K}_{3} \mathrm{P}_{4}$
(?) 2 (?) 25.57

Key Concepts

Ionic Crystalline Solids

Ionic crystalline solids are made up of a regular arrangement of ions held together by strong electrostatic forces. These forces result in high lattice energies, giving ionic compounds generally high melting points, hardness, and brittleness. The ionic character is evident in substances formed between metals and nonmetals, where the transfer of electrons leads to oppositely charged ions that arrange in a repeating lattice.

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids consist of atoms bonded together by a continuous network of covalent bonds, forming an extensive and rigid structure. This continuous bonding throughout the material results in very high melting points and hardness, as the strength of the covalent bonds is spread over the entire solid. Examples of these types of solids include materials where atoms typically share electrons in a fixed, directional manner.

Metallic Crystalline Solids

Metallic crystalline solids are characterized by a lattice of metal cations surrounded by a sea of delocalized electrons. This structure allows for excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, malleability, and ductility. The non-directional nature of metallic bonding permits the atoms to slide past one another without breaking the overall bond network, which is a defining property of metals.

Molecular Crystalline Solids

Molecular crystalline solids are composed of individual molecules held together in the solid state by intermolecular forces such as van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, or dipole-dipole interactions. Due to the generally weaker nature of these forces compared to ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds, molecular solids usually have lower melting points and are softer in texture compared to the other types of crystalline solids.

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