If for a liquid in a vessel, force of cohesion is twice of...

If for a liquid in a vessel, force of cohesion is twice of adhesion, then
(a) the meniscus will be convex
(b) the liquid will wet the solid
(c) the angle of contact will be obtuse
(d) there will be capillary descend

Key Concepts

Cohesion

Cohesion refers to the attractive forces between like molecules within a liquid. These forces cause the molecules to stick together, influencing various phenomena such as the formation of droplets, surface tension, and the overall shape of the liquid surface. When cohesion is strong relative to adhesion, it can lead to effects like a convex meniscus in a container.

Adhesion

Adhesion is the attractive force between unlike molecules, such as those of a liquid and the molecules of a solid surface. This force is responsible for the liquid’s ability to 'wet' materials, spreading out over them. The balance between adhesion and cohesion determines whether the liquid climbs or descends along a solid surface, affecting the contact angle and meniscus shape.

Contact Angle

The contact angle is the angle formed at the junction where the liquid interface meets the solid surface. It is an indicator of the wettability of the solid by the liquid. A contact angle greater than 90° indicates that cohesive forces dominate, resulting in a convex meniscus and poor wetting, while a contact angle less than 90° indicates that adhesive forces dominate, leading to a concave meniscus and better wetting.

Meniscus Formation

The meniscus is the curved surface of a liquid in a container, which results from the interplay between cohesive and adhesive forces. Depending on whether cohesion or adhesion prevails, the meniscus can be convex or concave. A convex meniscus occurs when cohesive forces are stronger than adhesive forces, whereas a concave meniscus forms when adhesion dominates.

Capillary Action

Capillary action is the movement of a liquid within a narrow space, such as a tube, due to the forces of cohesion and adhesion. This phenomenon can result in either the rising or descending of the liquid in the tube. When adhesive forces are stronger, the liquid tends to rise (capillary rise), and when cohesive forces are dominant, the liquid may descend (capillary depression).

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