In case of the oxygen family (group 16) (a) the tendency for...

In case of the oxygen family (group 16) (a) the tendency for catenation decreases markedly as we go down the group (b) maximum coordination of oxygen is four due to lack of d orbital, but that of other elements is six due to presence of d orbitals (c) the tendency to form multiple bonds with $\mathrm{C}, \mathrm{N}$ and $O$ decreases as going down the group from $S$ to Te (d) all are correct

In case of the oxygen family (group 16)
(a) the tendency for catenation decreases markedly as we go down the group
(b) maximum coordination of oxygen is four due to lack of d orbital, but that of other elements is six due to presence of d orbitals
(c) the tendency to form multiple bonds with $\mathrm{C}, \mathrm{N}$ and $O$ decreases as going down the group from $S$ to Te
(d) all are correct

Key Concepts

Periodic Trends in Group Bonding

Periodic trends in bonding properties, such as changes in catenation ability, coordination number, and multiple bond formation, are a direct consequence of variations in atomic size, orbital availability, and electronegativity within a group. These trends help explain why elements exhibit different bonding behaviors as one moves down the periodic table.

Multiple Bond Formation

Multiple bonding involves the sharing of more than one pair of electrons between atoms, resulting in double or triple bonds. The ability to form strong multiple bonds decreases with increasing atomic size because the overlap of orbitals becomes less effective, making stable multiple bonds more characteristic of the smaller, more electronegative elements.

Expanded Octet

The expanded octet concept explains how certain elements can exceed the typical eight-electron configuration because of the availability of d orbitals. While lighter elements without accessible d orbitals are limited to a maximum coordination number that respects the octet rule, heavier elements can use d orbitals to accommodate more electrons, allowing for higher coordination numbers.

Catenation

Catenation is the ability of atoms to form bonds with themselves, creating chains or networks. This tendency is influenced by atom size and bond strength; as the atoms become larger down a group, the bonds tend to be weaker, leading to a marked decrease in catenation.

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