In which of the following compounds, the underlined carbon has sp^3 - hybridization? (a) CH3-C H

In which of the following compounds, the underlined carbon...

In which of the following compounds, the underlined carbon has $\mathrm{sp}^{3}$ - hybridization? (a) $\mathrm{CH}_{3}-\underline{\mathrm{C}} \mathrm{H}=\mathrm{CH}_{2}$ (b) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CO} \mathrm{NH}_{2}$ (c) $\mathrm{CH}_{3}-\underline{\mathrm{CH}}_{2}-\mathrm{OH}$ (d) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}$

In which of the following compounds, the underlined carbon has $\mathrm{sp}^{3}$ - hybridization?
(a) $\mathrm{CH}_{3}-\underline{\mathrm{C}} \mathrm{H}=\mathrm{CH}_{2}$
(b) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CO} \mathrm{NH}_{2}$
(c) $\mathrm{CH}_{3}-\underline{\mathrm{CH}}_{2}-\mathrm{OH}$
(d) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}$

Key Concepts

Hybridization

Hybridization is the concept where atomic orbitals mix to form new, equivalent orbitals that define the bonding geometry of an atom. In carbon atoms, sp3 hybridization involves the mixing of one s and three p orbitals to create four equivalent orbitals arranged tetrahedrally, while sp2 hybridization involves one s and two p orbitals creating three orbitals in a trigonal planar arrangement with one unhybridized p orbital involved in ? bonding.

Electron Domain Counting

Electron domain counting is a method used to determine the hybridization state of an atom by counting the number of regions of electron density (bonds and lone pairs) around that atom. A carbon with four electron domains (such as four single bonds) is typically sp3 hybridized, whereas a carbon with three electron domains (including a double bond, which counts as one region) is generally sp2 hybridized.

Molecular Geometry

Molecular geometry refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms within a molecule, which is directly influenced by the hybridization state of its atoms. For example, an sp3 hybridized carbon has a tetrahedral geometry, while an sp2 hybridized carbon adopts a trigonal planar geometry. Understanding these geometries helps in predicting the structure and reactivity of organic compounds.

Influence of Functional Groups

The presence of different functional groups in organic molecules, such as carbonyl or hydroxyl groups, can affect the hybridization of adjacent carbon atoms. Functional groups that involve multiple bonds, like carbonyls, often enforce sp2 hybridization on the carbon atoms involved, whereas saturated carbons in alkyl chains typically maintain sp3 hybridization.

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