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Hello, there students.
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Today we're going to be discussing about these literature topics in regards to the chapter on sexual selection.
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And before i began, for those who didn't read one of the four scientific topics that were listed for this question, i advise you to stop the video, go through wherever database or go through google scholar to be.
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Find these data, pull them up, and read through them.
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And after you're done, read them, come back here, and we're going to continue these discussions about these literature chapters.
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I mean, these literature papers.
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Okay.
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So for those who have read one before, one of the four literature's research papers, we will begin.
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So if you read the multiple sexual advertisements, honestly reflect health status and peacocks.
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So basically, the study with this is just basically the test idea that multiple traits, feather ornaments and behavioral display, my cafe information on male health status in a free -ranging population of peacocks, and the predictions was that both expression of behavioral traits as well as ornaments should be correlated with current health status.
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If behavioral displays reliably current health, then the experimental activation of the immune system with a bacterial antigen, antigen should reduce the intensity of such display.
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And if the ornaments reflect genetic and or long -term phenotypic qualities, more ornamented males or ornamented, my bad, males should be better able to cope with the stimulated bacterial infections.
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So how they went about it that they did during the mating season of 2002, between like april 12th and may 15th, where they have, where they had like a total of 24 peacocks.
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And they have free -ranging peak fowls.
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I guess that's another way of seeing peacocks in this park called the pronts.
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Park sullocche, solokike, de cherez.
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I probably gave a bad interpretation, french.
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And it was at the museum of the national museum of natural history.
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The museum, the national museum of natural history.
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The national museum of natural history.
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Yes, i'm going to stop repeating.
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I'm not going to pronounce the french word.
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If anybody who are french speakers heard me butcher that, i apologize.
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The first part, i am sorry, where they marked the birds by numbering and coloring them with metallic rings.
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And these peacocks were monitored for a total of 105 hours of focal observation.
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35 hours per male, and an average of 10 males were observed simultaneously.
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The observation were conducted between 900 and 1700 hours, with a duration of about three hours.
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With a duration of three hours.
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The observation period and they recorded a number of sexual displays where the male peacock opened their train which is like their tail to the females and we're exposing it to them yes i know a lot hey they see attractive girl they see attractive girl okay i know someone's going to get mad at me for seeing this so anyhow they gathered the peacock and took the blood samples from their right jugular vein and they made blood smears and assigned individual males to two treatment groups in alternative order so they randomize it just to create more mystery so with this case um sorry i should have some water before i started.
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Twelve of them received an intermuscular injection, which was lps, and i wrote down what lps is.
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As you can see on the right, the other 12 were injected with four millimeters of pbs.
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No, not the broadcast show that's still on tv, but also, but the phosphate buffered saline.
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And the other they were just a control group so they didn't get any so then the health status was assessed with the number of heterophylls per milliliters of blood so how they went about they brought up the first part where the proportion of heterophiles or percent age and eocin penile fields, sent no feels, person e, is assessed by screening smears with a light microscope at a magnification times 100.
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The second part, why i wrote it in abbreviation, is basically shows the top part is just the total number of granulose.
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Sites, which is basically heterophylls plus eocinophils, how it's associated by using a molasses cell after a blood dilutionation, i mean, a blood dilution of 200.
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That's why you see times 200 on the side.
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With a 2 % ammonium oxalate solution.
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And so that's like for the top part.
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The bottom part that's being divided by, it's being divided by the number of gran ulyocytes by the proportion of heterophylls and eosinophils, which makes up for the total of the twb or the total number of white blood cells.
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Cells.
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And then finally, it's basically the number, it's basically the number of heterophils per microliter of blood, how it's equal to the twbc, times the heterophiles.
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And after that, when they did their statistical analysis, they brought us saying that there was a correlation between the number of heterophiles and both behavioral display, and number of eye spots was appraised using a multiple regression model.
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And they thought of seeing repeating measurements of an ova.
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And if you guys have heard of anova, i'm not sure if you're taking statistics or if your class offers research development to understand about how you do anovas.
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I'm not going to get into it.
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It's just basically another.
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Statistical way that's kind of similar to like how you do your t scores or your p scores along those lines so anywho when can't have the results they brought in the condition dependent theory of sexual advertisement predicts that the cost of the expression of sexual display should be probably high and poor quality individuals which was kind of interesting and when they were brought with this they brought there was just so many different variations that it was kind of like okay this could happen and that could happen like it was like the male speech the male peacocks um it was almost like it was like they have a bit of a of a flexible trait or some of them they went by the book and the others they just went did their own thing and still got the same results so basically the discussion they brought saying multiple traits with different patterns of temporal temporal variation might be valuable given access to information on past and current made conditions and this phenomenon may be more widespread than previously acknowledged since the many species males harbor fixed as well as flexible sexual traits and with this it was very interesting it felt like it was a lot, but it was just interesting how they went about it.
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The blood part, i understand because they want to check on the health and all that, which was really interesting.
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I don't know.
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What do you guys think? you can comment below if you read that paper.
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Next is the intra and intersexual selection of multiple traits in a peacock.
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So the introduction is basically.
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That the study, the aim of the study were to investigate which character slash characters may be under intracosexual selections and peacocks elucidate, peake hens, or the females of the peacock, mating preferences, investigate whether these two processes of sexual selections target one or multiple traits.
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Another one is discussion, i mean, discuss possibilities, possible mechanisms of the origin and the maintenance of the complex ornamental and behavioral behavior display.
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And then when it came down to the method place, it was back at the national museum of natural history.
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Natural history in france.
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They brought us to how all the individuals they used were between ages of three or and up.
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They brought saying, and i wrote most of it was similar to the first article that was discussed because they basically run around.
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They basically brought in the same kind of the same method they used when it came.
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Down to this.
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But because of the time constraints, they had to focus their observation on 34 terrestrial males.
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I mean, 34, my bad, terrestrial males, out of a total of 61 males.
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So for those 34 males, they recorded the following behaviors, number and duration of displays, number of calls and for each call the number of notes so they were singing the number of female visits oh and back to the notes if you ever heard of a peacock um if you ever hear a peacock sing yeah at first it did scamics i didn't know that you could sing like that it kind of makes you jump at first but then after a while you get used to it so yeah back to the number of female visits yes and number of copulation and accepted populations that were accepted by the females and number of male interactions.
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Male intracosexual interactions.
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Yep, there were a lot of numbers.
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So they brought up the statistical analysts.
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They did linear models and they ran a principal component analyst or pca.
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With all behavioral variables.
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The first line was 55 % of the total variance and loaded positively on all variables entered in the pca.
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The second line was that 22 % of variance or a cumulative, the cumulative variance explained 77 % and loaded positively on the variance.
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Describing display frequency and duration and negatively variance describing song characters.
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So that was a lot they put in and calculating with the study and with the results.
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They broke it down parts for the inter -sexual selections for territory establishment, 74 % and i bring up the number out of 61.
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Of those peacocks exhibited terrestrial behaviors.
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23 % did not show any sight attachment.
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So they were floaters and they had a train and they display their trains to females on different non -defendant places.
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And they displayed on territories where the other male peacocks were on.
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Which they chased them off their property, which could have been, it would have been funny to watch.
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And then the two out of the 61 males or 3 % them were never seen displaying.
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I guess they weren't seen displaying because i think they couldn't find a place to stay and the girls didn't want to deal with them.
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Yeah.
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Anywho, back to the topic.
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They brought it in the likelihood to establish and defend a display territory was positively and significantly correlated with tourist length and more strongly with train length.
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So i bring up with that, i guess it made them feel bold because they had a house and a place to stay.
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And the peak hands were like, well, i don't want to be a little man who got no place.
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And that's why the 3 % of them, they kind of felt like, oh, oh, man, oh, shoot, we don't got a place.
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So i can understand where they wouldn't feel so proud and bold about it.
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Well, not just peacocks, but most organisms and even humans, if you really don't have nothing, if you don't have the things that people kind of demand from you.
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If you want a certain type relationship, yeah, we can understand why they would be sad.
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But anywho, back to the point that there was intense.
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Competition for a display site as witnessed by number of male and male to male antagonistic interactions and intrusions.
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Oh, they really wanted the females so bad that they were going to fight for a place.
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They're going to fight for a place to be.
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Okay.
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So the intersexual selections, they brought and they absorbed, i'm observed, my bet, a total of 24.
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Copulation sorry i should have had some water on the side but anywho 24 copulation performed by 12 different males among 34 observers the preferred male gain 9 mates so 37 .5 and made it with five different females one made it three times with three different females and two and two of them twice with two different females.
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Okay, so these, they got like these males that they were preferred, they were gaining with different women, with different of the peak, and it's more than once, and the eight and eight of them only did it once.
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Yep, well, at least they got some.
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I shouldn't be saying like that.
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Okay, let me try to keep a pg.
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Okay.
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Among non -terrestrial birds, only one secured a single copulation.
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Five of the 17 made it females copulated more than once.
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And three, my bad three, did it with two different females.
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Unfortunately, these numbers were relatively small to draw...