For $3 \frac{1}{5}$, multiply the whole number 3 by the denominator 5 and add the numerator 1 to get 16. So, $3 \frac{1}{5}$ becomes $\frac{16}{5}$. Similarly, for $2 \frac{7}{8}$, multiply the whole number 2 by the denominator 8 and add the numerator 7 to get 23.
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