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Provide an explanation for each of the following phenomena: (a) Solid argon (m.p. $-189.2^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ;$ b.p. $\left.-185.7^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$ can be prepared by immersing a flask containing argon gas in liquid nitrogen (b.p. $\left.-195.8^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$ until it liquefies and then connecting the flask to a vacuum pump. (b) The melting point of cyclohexane $\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12}\right)$ increases with increasing pressure exerted on the solid cyclohexane. (c) Certain high-altitude clouds contain water droplets at $-10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. (d) When a piece of dry ice is added to a beaker of water, fog forms above the water.
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Chemistry 102
Chapter 11
Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids
Liquids
Solids
Drexel University
University of Toronto
Lectures
04:08
In physics, a solid is a state of matter characterized by rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Solid objects have a definite volume, they resist forces (such as pressure, tension and shear) in all directions, and they have a shape that does not change smoothly with time. The branch of physics that studies solids is called solid-state physics. The physical properties of solids are highly related to their chemical composition and structure. For example, the melting point of ice is significantly lowered if its crystal structure is disrupted.
03:07
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. As such, a liquid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas and plasma). A liquid is made up of tiny vibrating particles of matter, such as atoms, held together by intermolecular bonds. Water is, by far, the most common liquid on Earth. Like a gas, a liquid is able to flow and take the shape of a container. Most liquids resist compression, although others can be compressed. Unlike a gas, a liquid does not disperse to fill every space of a container, and maintains a fairly constant density. A distinctive property of the liquid state is surface tension, leading to wetting phenomena.
01:53
Provide an explanation for…
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Okay, So for this problem, we have a bunch of different situations to look at. First off, we're going to start with some gas are gone. We're going to put that into as a liquid nitrogen, and we're going to make solar dark on using that. So the liquid nitrogen is that a temperature of minus 1 95.8 degrees Celsius. Now 1 95 is below, as below both the boiling point and the melting point for liquid or for are gone. The first thing that's going to happen is that the Oregon is going to condense and form a liquid are into, is going to use that extra energy that it took from the Argonne condensing, and it's going to evaporate some of it anyways. The liquid is the liquid. Nitrogen is going to stay the same temperature, though, while the now gas nitrogen escapes. The next thing that we're going to do is we're going Teoh siphon away or we're going to put it under vacuum. Now, when we put in under vacuum, the Argonne is going to start evaporating again. But it takes a lot of energy to break those liquid bonds now and So the evaporating argon is going to take that energy that it needs from the Oregon around it. And it's going to lower that organs temperature to the point where the rest of the Argonne will freeze. So now we have a solid are gone. Some of the argon has escaped, and we still have liquid nitrogen. Okay, so that's the first problem. Next, let's look at cyclo hexane. So the solid of cycle attack saying is denser than the liquid. So the liquid you see, there is still some space between the molecules. The molecules are able to move past each other. There is no that much order. But the solid the molecules are closer together is not as much room. So if we put more pressure onto the cyclo hexane liquid molecules, then they don't have enough space two separate from each other and to become a liquid. All right, so next we have the highest altitude clouds, which will contain water droplets below freezing point. So, in order for water to freeze, water crystals are highly structured where you have oxygen and then hydrogen in a regular pattern like this. And now, in order for something to start these crystals, they're nor for these crystals to form. There needs to be something for the molecules to bond on to inform the first crystal so the rest can jump in and formed the right order. So if that happens, then sometimes the water molecules will just existent droplets because they don't have anything to organize around. All right, soon thanks. Let's talk about dry ice. So dry ice. Ah, sitting in liquid water forms fog, which a lot of people have seen. It's a pretty popular science demonstration. So it was going on. Here is that ends the liquid nitrogen bubbles out. It cools the water and receive water vapor as the white fog.
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