Rank the following according to boiling point, highest to lowest: (a) CH3 CH2 CH2 OH (b) CH3 CH2

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Rank the following according to boiling point, highest to...

Rank the following according to boiling point, highest to lowest: (a) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}$ (b) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2}(\mathrm{OH}) \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}$ (c) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$ (d) $\mathrm{CH}_{2}(\mathrm{OH}) \mathrm{CH}(\mathrm{OH}) \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}$

Rank the following according to boiling point, highest to lowest:
(a) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}$
(b) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2}(\mathrm{OH}) \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}$
(c) $\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3}$
(d) $\mathrm{CH}_{2}(\mathrm{OH}) \mathrm{CH}(\mathrm{OH}) \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}$

Key Concepts

Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces are the attractions between molecules that determine many physical properties, including boiling point. They include dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding. The strength and type of these forces depend on the molecular structure and functional groups present, which in turn influence the energy required to separate molecules during a phase change.

Hydrogen Bonding

Hydrogen bonding is a strong type of dipole-dipole interaction occurring when hydrogen is bonded to highly electronegative atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine. Molecules that have -OH groups, for example, can form hydrogen bonds with one another. This significantly increases their boiling point because more energy is needed to break these specific interactions compared to forces like dispersion forces.

Molecular Structure Impact on Boiling Point

The molecular structure, including the presence and number of functional groups such as hydroxyl (-OH) moieties, plays a critical role in determining boiling points. Molecules with multiple hydroxyl groups can engage in extensive hydrogen bonding, leading to higher boiling points, whereas nonpolar molecules with only dispersion forces exhibit lower boiling points. Other factors such as molecular size and shape also influence the magnitude of intermolecular interactions.

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