Referring to Appendix 2, cite changes in the urine that accompany diabetes mellitus. What is the

step 1 Okay, this question involves the topic of glucose balance. First, let's see how glucose is absor

Referring to Appendix 2, cite changes in the urine that...

Key Concepts

Fasting Blood Glucose Level

The fasting blood glucose level is a critical diagnostic parameter used to assess an individual's baseline blood sugar levels after a period without caloric intake, typically 8 hours. Normal fasting blood glucose levels are usually in the range of 70-100 mg/dL, and deviations from this range can indicate prediabetes or diabetes, guiding further medical evaluation and management.

Glycosuria

Glycosuria refers to the presence of glucose in the urine, a condition frequently seen in individuals with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. When blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold, the kidneys cannot reabsorb all the excess glucose, leading to its excretion in the urine, which serves as an important clinical indicator of hyperglycemia.

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It affects numerous metabolic processes and can lead to complications in various organ systems, including alterations in urine composition due to the kidneys’ inability to reabsorb excess glucose.

Transcript

00:01 Okay, this question involves the topic of glucose balance.

00:05 First, let's see how glucose is absorbed.

00:08 Okay, imagine this is your esophagus and then you have your stomach here, your duodenum, and finally you're going to have your intestine, okay? this is the looming of the intestine.

00:21 And here you have enterocytes, and by this side you have the blood.

00:26 Okay, so once you eat a carbohydrate rich meal, it is going to be digested through all the digestive system and when it gets to the small intestine it is going to get in the form of monosaccharides okay let's just focus on glucose so glucose is going to move across all of this okay but by some specific type of transport and it's going to get to the blood and from here it is going to move towards the liver okay but besides the liver glucose is only is also going to get into a very important cell that is responsible of decreasing the blood concentration of glucose after wheat, a carbohydrate which milk and we're talking about the beta cells of the pancreas.

01:18 They are also called glucose sensors, okay? so here you have the blood and here you have your glucose molecule.

01:25 On the beta cell there are glute two transporters and they are responsible of moving glucose inside of a cell.

01:36 Okay, remember that glute 2 is a type of facilitated diffusion and it moves glucose from higher concentrations to lower concentrations compartment.

01:46 But as this person is eating large amounts of carbohydrates, then the concentrations of glucose is going to be higher in the blood and lower in that in comparison to the intracellular.

01:57 So glucose is going to move from the extracellular to the intracellular.

02:02 Once inside a cell it is going to develop glycolysis, or in general, aerobic respiration, and the net result is going to be large amounts of atp.

02:18 Okay, it is very important.

02:20 Why? because in these petacelles of the pancreas, also on the cell surface, they are going to have potassium channels okay that are sensitive to atp normally when glucose is not is not there this potassium channels move glucose moves potassium ions out of the cell why because potassium levels are normally higher in the intracellular and lower in the in extracellular so as this channel is a type of facilitated diffusion then potassium channels are going to transport potassium ions from higher concentrations in intercellular to lower concentrations in the extracellular.

03:08 So this is what normally happens.

03:10 Also remember that the intracellular is normally electronegative, it has a negative voltage, and the extracellular is electro -positive.

03:21 Okay, it has a positive voltage in comparison with the intracellular.

03:25 So what happens when there are high levels of atp produced because of glucose and entering into the cell? so these channels are going to be closed.

03:38 So potassium ions are going to remain inside of the cell and potassium ions are positively charged.

03:44 So it is going to be retention of many positive ions inside of the cell.

03:51 And if you remember the action potential, this is normally the normal voltage of the beta cell...

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