SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY ∙DRAW IT (a) Draw a phylogenetic tree...

SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY $\bullet$ DRAW IT (a) Draw a phylogenetic tree based on characters $1-5$ in the table below. Place hatch marks on the tree to indicate the origin(s) of characters $1-6$ . (b) Assume that tuna and dolphins are sister species and redraw the phylogenetic tree accordingly. Use hatch marks to indicate the origin(s) of characters $1-6 .$ (c) Determine how many evolutionary changes are required in each tree. Identify the most parsimonious tree.

SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY $\bullet$ DRAW IT (a) Draw a phylogenetic
tree based on characters $1-5$ in the table below. Place hatch
marks on the tree to indicate the origin(s) of characters $1-6$ .
(b) Assume that tuna and dolphins are sister species and redraw
the phylogenetic tree accordingly. Use hatch marks to indicate
the origin(s) of characters $1-6 .$ (c) Determine how many
evolutionary changes are required in each tree. Identify the
most parsimonious tree.

Key Concepts

Phylogenetic Tree

A diagram that represents hypotheses about the evolutionary relationships among different taxa. This tree structure uses branches and nodes to illustrate common ancestry and divergence of species over time.

Character Mapping

The process of assigning specific evolutionary trait changes (characters) to branches of the phylogenetic tree. This mapping reveals where key innovations or mutations originated during evolution, often indicated with symbols like hatch marks.

Parsimony Analysis

A method used in evolutionary biology to choose the tree that minimizes the number of evolutionary changes. The parsimony criterion assumes that the simplest explanation, requiring the fewest changes, is the most likely to be correct.

Comparative Phylogenetics

The approach of comparing different phylogenetic trees by testing alternative hypotheses, such as imposing specific relationships between taxa. This allows researchers to evaluate which tree best explains the observed traits with minimal evolutionary changes.

Evolutionary Changes

The concept of mutations or character state transitions that occur along the branches of a phylogenetic tree. Counting these changes helps in evaluating and optimizing tree hypotheses by identifying the scenario that requires the fewest evolutionary modifications.

Transcript

00:04 Hello everyone.

00:06 Today, i have one very important topic, which is phylogenetic tree.

00:14 Phylogenetic tree is a planching diagram.

00:35 The planching diagram showing the evolutionary relationship among various biological species or other organisms based on up similar similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics so the branching diagram showing evolutionary relationship showing evolutionary relationship among various species among various species okay so this is a phylogenetic tree okay okay for example if we have some species like lancet lansett fish and for example lampery lampery with tuna tuna, salamander, then, for example, turtle, leopard, and dolphin.

03:41 Lancet, what is the lancet? lancet, lancet fish.

03:57 Lancet fish are large oceanic predatory fish.

04:04 Lansett fish are large oceanic predatory fish.

04:17 They are widely distributed in all oceans except polar seas.

04:25 Lanset fish are nitrous cannibals and also feed verusal on many other fish and many descriptions of new species of fish, squids, and octopus have been based on specimens collected by lancet fish and taken from their stomachs.

04:55 So this is some about landset fish.

05:06 Lamperee lampere is or lampere's are slim -covered lampere are slim -covered animals that simple heals but lake bones so when we come to draw evolutionary tree we have here root here root and lancet is out of group then set lancet out group okay now we want to find the common ancestor between these species or the species organisms okay so we have here lamprey as a common ancestor with tuna okay okay here, lampere has a common sister with tuna.

06:54 Here is lamperey, which, okay, what is the common ancestor between lampere and tuna? it's a backpoon, back bone, here, node, back, pool...

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