Mathematically, it is expressed as:
\[
\oint_S \mathbf{E} \cdot d\mathbf{A} = \frac{Q_{\text{enc}}}{\epsilon_0}
\]
where \(\mathbf{E}\) is the electric field, \(d\mathbf{A}\) is the vector area element of the closed surface \(S\), \(Q_{\text{enc}}\) is the total
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