State whether the following is an example of deductive, inductive, or abductive reasoning:
a. The number of rings inside a tree is the age of a tree. This tree has 10 rings. Conclusion: This tree is 10 years old.
b. People spend 80 percent of their income. Susan will earn $\$ 60,000$ this year. Conclusion: Susan will spend $\$ 48,000$.
c. Ten college students are standing in a line to choose either an economics course or an English course. The first student chooses economics. The second student chooses economics and so does the third. Conclusion: All college students prefer economics over English.
d. Ten college students are standing in a line to choose either an economics course or an English course. The first student chooses economics. The second student chooses economics and so does the third. Conclusion: All college students prefer economics over English. The fourth student in line chooses English. The first three students were women; the fourth was a man.
Revised conclusion: Male college students prefer English. Female college students prefer economics. LO1