Mathematically, it is expressed as:
\[
\frac{\sin \theta_i}{\sin \theta_r} = \frac{n_2}{n_1}
\]
where \(n_1\) is the index of refraction of the first medium (air, in this case, approximately 1.0) and \(n_2\) is the index of refraction of the second medium (water).
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