Suppose that A, B, and C are simultaneously transmitting 0 bits, using a CDMA system with the ch

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Suppose that A, B, and C are simultaneously transmitting 0...

Key Concepts

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

CDMA is a communication method that allows multiple users to share the same frequency band by assigning each a unique spreading code. This technique enables signals from different users to be transmitted simultaneously and later separated at the receiver based on their distinct codes, even if they overlap in time and frequency.

Spreading Codes

Spreading codes, or chip sequences, are short pseudo-random sequences used to spread a user’s data bits over a wider bandwidth. Each user in a CDMA system is assigned a unique spreading code, which modulates the transmitted bit so that the signal spans a broad range of frequencies, enhancing both security and resistance to interference.

Orthogonal Codes

Orthogonal codes are a set of spreading sequences designed so that the cross-correlation between any two different sequences is zero (or minimal). This property is crucial in CDMA systems as it allows the receiver to effectively separate overlapping signals from different users by correlating the received signal with each user’s known code.

Bit Representation in CDMA Systems

In CDMA systems, the binary data (such as a 0 or 1) is represented by modulating the amplitude or phase of the spreading code. The transmission of a 0 may involve a specific mapping (such as an inverted version of the chip sequence) depending on the encoding scheme. The resulting transmitted signal is determined by multiplying the bit’s representation with the chip sequence, and simultaneous transmissions from multiple users result in a composite signal that is the sum of their individually modulated chip sequences.

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