We can write $\mathbf{v} = a\mathbf{i} + b\mathbf{j}$ and $\mathbf{w} = c\mathbf{i} + d\mathbf{j}$, where $\mathbf{i}$ and $\mathbf{j}$ are the unit vectors in the x and y directions, respectively, and a, b, c, and d are the components of the vectors.
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