Question

The capture of radiant energy through the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates is the engine that drives life on Earth. Ribose, $\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{O}_{5},$ and hexose, $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6},$ form stable five- and six-carbon rings. The numbering of the carbons on these rings is important in organizing our description of the role these molecules play in biological energy transfer and information storage and retrieval. Glycolysis is a sequence of chemical reactions that convert glucose to two three-carbon compounds called pyruvic acid. A. Create visual representations to show how when bonds in the glucose molecules are broken between carbon number 1 and the oxygen atom and between carbons 3 and $4,$ two molecules of pyruvic acid are produced. Several enzymes in the cell are involved in converting glucose to pyruvic acid. These enzymes are proteins whose amino acid sequences provide these functions. This protein structure is information that was inherited from the cell's parent, and is stored in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The "deoxyribo" component of that name is a shorthand for 2 -deoxyribose. B. Create a visual representation of 2 -deoxyribose, 5 -phosphate by replacing the OH at carbon 2 with a hydrogen atom and replacing the OH at carbon 5 with a hydrogen phosphate ion, HPO $_{3}^{-2}$ , whose structure is shown in problem AP3.2. Use your representation to show that both phosphorylation (the addition of a phosphate ion) at carbon 5 and removal of the hydroxide at carbon 2 produce water molecules in an aqueous solution where hydrogen ions are abundant. DNA is a polymer formed from a chain with repeated 2 -deoxyribose, 5 -phosphate molecules. C. Create a visual representation of three 2 -deoxyribose, 5 -phosphate molecules forming a chain in which an oxygen atom in the phosphate that is attached to the 5 -carbon replaces the OH on the 3 -carbon of the next ribose sugar.

Name: Problem 75, Chapter 3: Biology for AP Courses
Uploaded: 2020-11-18T17:22:52-08:00
Duration: 5 min 19 s
Channel: Bryan Lynn

   The capture of radiant energy through the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates is the engine that drives life on Earth. Ribose, $\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{O}_{5},$ and hexose, $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6},$ form stable five- and six-carbon rings. The numbering of the carbons on these rings is important in organizing our description of the role these molecules play in biological energy transfer and information storage and retrieval. Glycolysis is a sequence of chemical reactions that convert glucose to two three-carbon compounds called pyruvic acid. A. Create visual representations to show how when bonds in the glucose molecules are broken between carbon number 1 and the oxygen atom and between carbons 3 and $4,$ two molecules of pyruvic acid are produced. Several enzymes in the cell are involved in converting glucose to pyruvic acid. These enzymes are proteins whose amino acid sequences provide these functions. This protein structure is information that was inherited from the cell's parent, and is stored in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The "deoxyribo" component of that name is a
shorthand for 2 -deoxyribose. B. Create a visual representation of 2 -deoxyribose, 5 -phosphate by replacing the OH at carbon 2 with a hydrogen atom and replacing the OH at carbon 5 with a hydrogen phosphate ion, HPO $_{3}^{-2}$ , whose structure is shown in problem AP3.2. Use your representation to show that both phosphorylation (the addition of a phosphate ion) at carbon 5 and removal of the hydroxide at carbon 2 produce water molecules in an aqueous solution where hydrogen ions are abundant. DNA is a polymer formed from a chain with repeated 2 -deoxyribose, 5 -phosphate molecules. C. Create a visual representation of three 2 -deoxyribose, 5 -phosphate molecules forming a chain in which an oxygen atom in the phosphate that is attached to the 5 -carbon replaces the OH on the 3 -carbon of the next ribose sugar.

Biology for AP Courses

Julianne Zedalis,…

Chapter 3, Problem 75

Instant Answer

Solved by Expert Bryan Lynn

11/18/2020

Step 1

The glucose molecule is a hexose, which means it has six carbons. The carbons are numbered from 1 to 6, starting from the carbon attached to the oxygen in the ring and going clockwise. The glucose molecule looks like this: \[ \begin{array}{ccccccc} & & \mathrm{O} Show more…

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The capture of radiant energy through the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates is the engine that drives life on Earth. Ribose, $\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{O}_{5},$ and hexose, $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6},$ form stable five- and six-carbon rings. The numbering of the carbons on these rings is important in organizing our description of the role these molecules play in biological energy transfer and information storage and retrieval. Glycolysis is a sequence of chemical reactions that convert glucose to two three-carbon compounds called pyruvic acid. A. Create visual representations to show how when bonds in the glucose molecules are broken between carbon number 1 and the oxygen atom and between carbons 3 and $4,$ two molecules of pyruvic acid are produced. Several enzymes in the cell are involved in converting glucose to pyruvic acid. These enzymes are proteins whose amino acid sequences provide these functions. This protein structure is information that was inherited from the cell's parent, and is stored in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The "deoxyribo" component of that name is a shorthand for 2 -deoxyribose. B. Create a visual representation of 2 -deoxyribose, 5 -phosphate by replacing the OH at carbon 2 with a hydrogen atom and replacing the OH at carbon 5 with a hydrogen phosphate ion, HPO $_{3}^{-2}$ , whose structure is shown in problem AP3.2. Use your representation to show that both phosphorylation (the addition of a phosphate ion) at carbon 5 and removal of the hydroxide at carbon 2 produce water molecules in an aqueous solution where hydrogen ions are abundant. DNA is a polymer formed from a chain with repeated 2 -deoxyribose, 5 -phosphate molecules. C. Create a visual representation of three 2 -deoxyribose, 5 -phosphate molecules forming a chain in which an oxygen atom in the phosphate that is attached to the 5 -carbon replaces the OH on the 3 -carbon of the next ribose sugar.

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Key Concepts

Phosphorylation Reactions and Dehydration Processes

Phosphorylation involves the covalent attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule, a key modification that can alter the molecule’s activity and properties. In many biochemical reactions, including those involving sugars like deoxyribose, phosphorylation is coupled with the removal or rearrangement of functional groups such as hydroxyls, often resulting in the formation or release of water molecules in aqueous solutions.

Enzymatic Catalysis in Biochemical Reactions

Enzymes are specialized proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions with high specificity and efficiency. In metabolic pathways like glycolysis, enzymes bind to specific substrates, facilitate the conversion of molecules by stabilizing transition states, and ensure that reactions occur under controlled conditions, thereby playing a vital role in energy transfer and cellular regulation.

DNA Backbone Formation and Phosphodiester Linkages

The DNA molecule is a polymer with a backbone composed of alternating sugar (2-deoxyribose) and phosphate groups. The formation of phosphodiester bonds—where the phosphate group links the 5' carbon of one sugar to the 3' carbon of the next sugar—creates a stable chain that supports the informational structure of DNA. This linkage is essential for the integrity and function of genetic material across all forms of life.

Carbohydrate Ring Structure and Carbon Numbering

Many carbohydrates exist in cyclic forms that are more stable than their open-chain counterparts. In these rings, carbon atoms are numbered in a specific order to clearly indicate the location of functional groups and to standardize the description of chemical reactions involving these molecules. This numbering is critical for understanding how carbohydrates participate in metabolic pathways and interact with enzymes.

Glycolysis and Metabolic Pathways

Glycolysis is a fundamental metabolic pathway in which one molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. This process involves the strategic cleavage and rearrangement of bonds within the glucose molecule, emphasizing the importance of molecular structure and the controlled breakdown of carbohydrates to harvest energy.

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