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The following abstract appears in The New England Journal of Medicine: BACKGROUND. The relation between passive smoking and lung cancer is of great public health importance. Some previous studies have suggested that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the household can cause lung cancer, but others have found no effect. Smoking by the spouse has been the most commonly used measure of this exposure. METHODS. In order to determine whether lung cancer is associated with exposure to tobacco smoke within the household, we conducted a case-control study of 191 patients with lung cancer who had never smoked and an equal number of persons without lung cancer who had never smoked. Lifetime residential histories including approximately 17 percent of lung cancers among nonsmokers information on exposure to environmental tobacco smoke can be attributed to high levels of exposure to cigarette were compiled and analyzed. Exposure was measured in smoke during childhood and adolescence. terms of "smoker-years;" determined by multiplying the (a) What is the research objective? number of years in each residence by the number of smokers in the houschold. RESULTS. Houschold cxposurc to 25 or morc smokcr-ycars (c) What is the response variable in the study? Is it during childhood and adolescence doubled the risk of lung cancer. Approximately 15 percent of the control subjects who (d) What is the explanatory variable in the study? Is it had never smoked reported this level of exposure. Household exposure of less than 25 smoker-years during childhood and adolescence did not increase the risk of lung cancer. Exposure to a spouse's smoking, which constituted less than one third $\quad$ (f) What is the conclusion of the study? Can we conclude of total household exposure on average, was not associated that exposure to smoke in the household causes lung with an increase in risk. CONCLUSIONS. The possibility of recall bias and other (g) Would it be possible to design an experiment to answer methodological problems may influence the results of case the research question in part (a)? Explain. control studies of environmental tobacco smock. Nonetheless. our findings regarding exposure during Carly life suggest that

Name: Problem 23, Chapter 1: Statistics Informed Decisions Using Data
Uploaded: 2020-10-26T09:02:56-08:00
Duration: 2 min 31 s
Channel: Harsh Gadhiya

The following abstract appears in The New England Journal of Medicine:
BACKGROUND. The relation between passive smoking and lung cancer is of great public health importance. Some previous studies have suggested that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the household can cause lung cancer, but others have found no effect. Smoking by the spouse has been the most commonly used measure of this exposure. METHODS. In order to determine whether lung cancer is associated with exposure to tobacco smoke within the household, we conducted a case-control study of 191 patients with lung cancer who had never smoked and an equal number of persons without lung cancer who had never smoked. Lifetime residential histories including approximately 17 percent of lung cancers among nonsmokers information on exposure to environmental tobacco smoke can be attributed to high levels of exposure to cigarette were compiled and analyzed. Exposure was measured in smoke during childhood and adolescence. terms of "smoker-years;" determined by multiplying the (a) What is the research objective? number of years in each residence by the number of smokers in the houschold. RESULTS. Houschold cxposurc to 25 or morc smokcr-ycars
(c) What is the response variable in the study? Is it during childhood and adolescence doubled the risk of lung cancer. Approximately 15 percent of the control subjects who
(d) What is the explanatory variable in the study? Is it had never smoked reported this level of exposure. Household exposure of less than 25 smoker-years during childhood and adolescence did not increase the risk of lung cancer. Exposure to a spouse's smoking, which constituted less than one third $\quad$ (f) What is the conclusion of the study? Can we conclude of total household exposure on average, was not associated that exposure to smoke in the household causes lung with an increase in risk. CONCLUSIONS. The possibility of recall bias and other
(g) Would it be possible to design an experiment to answer methodological problems may influence the results of case the research question in part (a)? Explain. control studies of environmental tobacco smock. Nonetheless. our findings regarding exposure during Carly life suggest that

Statistics Informed Decisions Using Data

Michael Sullivan III 4th Edition

Chapter 1, Problem 23

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Solved by Expert Harsh Gadhiya

10/26/2020

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This is a case control study because it compares a group of individuals with lung cancer who never smoked to a group of individuals without lung cancer who never smoked. It is a retrospective study because the data is based on historical records from interviews. Show more…

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The following abstract appears in The New England Journal of Medicine: BACKGROUND. The relation between passive smoking and lung cancer is of great public health importance. Some previous studies have suggested that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the household can cause lung cancer, but others have found no effect. Smoking by the spouse has been the most commonly used measure of this exposure. METHODS. In order to determine whether lung cancer is associated with exposure to tobacco smoke within the household, we conducted a case-control study of 191 patients with lung cancer who had never smoked and an equal number of persons without lung cancer who had never smoked. Lifetime residential histories including approximately 17 percent of lung cancers among nonsmokers information on exposure to environmental tobacco smoke can be attributed to high levels of exposure to cigarette were compiled and analyzed. Exposure was measured in smoke during childhood and adolescence. terms of "smoker-years;" determined by multiplying the (a) What is the research objective? number of years in each residence by the number of smokers in the houschold. RESULTS. Houschold cxposurc to 25 or morc smokcr-ycars (c) What is the response variable in the study? Is it during childhood and adolescence doubled the risk of lung cancer. Approximately 15 percent of the control subjects who (d) What is the explanatory variable in the study? Is it had never smoked reported this level of exposure. Household exposure of less than 25 smoker-years during childhood and adolescence did not increase the risk of lung cancer. Exposure to a spouse's smoking, which constituted less than one third $\quad$ (f) What is the conclusion of the study? Can we conclude of total household exposure on average, was not associated that exposure to smoke in the household causes lung with an increase in risk. CONCLUSIONS. The possibility of recall bias and other (g) Would it be possible to design an experiment to answer methodological problems may influence the results of case the research question in part (a)? Explain. control studies of environmental tobacco smock. Nonetheless. our findings regarding exposure during Carly life suggest that

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Key Concepts

Exposure Measurement

In epidemiologic studies, accurately quantifying the level and duration of exposure is crucial for assessing its relationship with the outcome. Methods like constructing metrics (for example, multiplying the number of years of exposure by the intensity or number of exposure sources) are used to create standardized measures of exposure that can be compared across individuals.

Bias Considerations

In observational research, biases such as recall bias can affect the validity of the study’s findings. Biases occur when there are systematic differences in the way data is collected for the study groups, potentially leading to erroneous conclusions regarding the relationship between the exposure and the outcome. Identifying and mitigating these biases is an essential aspect of study design and interpretation.

Explanatory Variable

Commonly known as the independent variable, the explanatory variable is the factor that is presumed to influence or cause variation in the response variable. It represents the exposure, behavior, or characteristic under investigation, which is measured to see if there is a corresponding change in the outcome.

Response Variable

Also known as the dependent variable, the response variable is the outcome or condition that the study is trying to explain or predict. In epidemiologic research, this is typically the disease status or health outcome of the subjects, which is assessed to determine any associations with various exposures.

Case-Control Study

This is an observational study design frequently used in epidemiology where two groups differing in outcome (cases with the disease and controls without the disease) are compared to identify and evaluate associations between exposures and the outcome. It is especially useful when the condition studied is rare or when long-term follow-up is impractical.

Research Objective

This concept refers to the main aim or question that a study seeks to answer. In epidemiological studies, the research objective is often focused on exploring the relationship between a specific exposure (such as environmental factors) and an outcome (such as a disease), in order to inform public health decisions or guide further research.

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