The mechanism to activate an immune cell to make an antibody...

The mechanism to activate an immune cell to make an antibody involves signal transduction using tyrosine kinases. Place in order the following series of steps to activate this function. (1) The activated receptor phosphorylates cytoplasmic proteins. (2) Conformational change occurs in the receptor tyrosine kinase. (3) Cytoplasmic protein crosses the nuclear membrane to activate genes. (4) An immune hormone signals the immune cell. (5) Activation of protein kinase site(s) adds phosphates to the receptor to activate it. a. 2,1,4,3,5 b. 5,3,4,2,1 c. 4,1,5,2,3 d. 4,2,5,1,3 e. 2,5,3,4,1

The mechanism to activate an immune cell to make an antibody involves signal transduction using tyrosine kinases. Place in order the following series of steps to activate this function.
(1) The activated receptor phosphorylates cytoplasmic proteins.
(2) Conformational change occurs in the receptor tyrosine kinase.
(3) Cytoplasmic protein crosses the nuclear membrane to activate genes.
(4) An immune hormone signals the immune cell.
(5) Activation of protein kinase site(s) adds phosphates to the receptor to activate it.
a. 2,1,4,3,5
b. 5,3,4,2,1
c. 4,1,5,2,3
d. 4,2,5,1,3
e. 2,5,3,4,1

Key Concepts

Signal Transduction

The process by which an external chemical signal is converted into a cellular response through a series of molecular events. This process is essential for cells to respond to their environment and carry out functions such as immune responses.

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

A class of cell surface receptors that possess intrinsic kinase activity. When a ligand binds to these receptors, it typically induces a conformational change that initiates autophosphorylation and subsequent activation of downstream signaling pathways.

Conformational Change

This refers to the structural alteration of a receptor upon ligand binding, which is crucial for converting the extracellular signal into an intracellular action, enabling subsequent enzymatic activities.

Autophosphorylation

A mechanism in which a receptor kinase adds phosphate groups to itself on specific tyrosine residues. This modification creates docking sites for cytoplasmic signaling proteins, thereby amplifying the signal transduction cascade.

Protein Phosphorylation

The addition of phosphate groups to proteins, particularly by kinases, is a reversible way to regulate protein function, activity, and interaction. This process is integral to transmitting and modulating signals inside the cell.

Gene Activation

The final step in many signaling pathways, where phosphorylated transcription factors or other signaling proteins enter the nucleus to initiate transcription of target genes. This leads to specific cellular outcomes such as the production of antibodies in immune cells.

Transcript

00:01 We're looking at the activation of an immune cell with the tyrosine kinase signaling system.

00:08 What's the order of activation of this system? so we've been given some steps.

00:14 First of all, we have the activated receptor phosphorylates cytoplasmic proteins.

00:18 We have conformational change in the receptor tyrosine kinase.

00:23 We have cytoplasmic protein crossing the nuclear membrane to activate genes.

00:29 An immune hormone signaling the immune cell, and activation of protein kinase sites, adding phosphates to the receptor.

00:38 So it's the steps, and we have our answers, and each of the answers is a different order.

00:44 So how are we going to work out the correct order? let's start with the beginning.

00:48 This is signal transduction.

00:50 So the very first step is going to be reception.

00:53 We need a specific signaling molecule binding a receptor.

00:57 Which of these describes that? well, we have an immune hormone signals the immune cell.

01:05 So that's going to be first.

01:07 So let's immediately roll out answers that don't have that first.

01:12 There we go, switch us down to c and d.

01:14 So an immune hormone has signalled the immune cell...

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