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Problem

Referring to Figure $11.26,$ determine the number…
03:12

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Problem 125 Hard Difficulty

The phase diagram of helium is shown here. Helium is the only known substance that has two different liquid phases called helium-I and helium-II. (a) What is the maximum temperature at which helium-II can exist? (b) What is the minimum pressure at which solid helium can exist? (c) What is the normal boiling point of helium-I? (d) Can solid helium sublime? (e) How many triple points are there?

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Chemistry 102
Chemistry

Chapter 11

Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids

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Liquids

Solids

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What is the minimum pressure at which solid helium can exist?

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Solids - Intro

In physics, a solid is a state of matter characterized by rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Solid objects have a definite volume, they resist forces (such as pressure, tension and shear) in all directions, and they have a shape that does not change smoothly with time. The branch of physics that studies solids is called solid-state physics. The physical properties of solids are highly related to their chemical composition and structure. For example, the melting point of ice is significantly lowered if its crystal structure is disrupted.
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03:07
Liquids - Intro

A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. As such, a liquid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas and plasma). A liquid is made up of tiny vibrating particles of matter, such as atoms, held together by intermolecular bonds. Water is, by far, the most common liquid on Earth. Like a gas, a liquid is able to flow and take the shape of a container. Most liquids resist compression, although others can be compressed. Unlike a gas, a liquid does not disperse to fill every space of a container, and maintains a fairly constant density. A distinctive property of the liquid state is surface tension, leading to wetting phenomena.
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Video Transcript

so the fees diagram that they mentioned. It is kind of unique. Helium has some really weird property is when you get down to some low temperatures, like having two different liquid phases, which is really kind of cool, especially because they have some interesting properties. But, uh, just going through the lowest temperature that helium could exist in is gonna be somewhere in the 2 to 3 Kelvin range. Really cold. So, like 2.3 toe, 2.5 Calvins. Thereabouts. Um, so then they want to know about solid helium and its minimum pressure. So according to our fees diagram, we just follow this line between this Barry right here, the solid down to the lowest pressure that it can exist at its right around 10 atmospheres as the lowest pressure. But we can have a solid, uh, the normal boiling point of helium one is going to be what the boiling point is at one atmosphere of pressure. So I followed this line of one atmosphere of pressure over to the barrier between liquid helium one and they perform, and that's going to be right around five Calvins where those lines intersect. That asks us about sublimation. So for sublimation, we need to go directly from a solid to a vapor. And you can see here there's a layer of liquid here and later of liquid here. There's no way that you can go directly from a solid to vapour is these two areas just don't touch each other is surprisingly rare for elements, Um, so and then triple points, triple points or just wear three different. We're three different phases can be stable at the same time. So here you literally just look for where lines intersect with each other. So there's two triple points, and those triple points are between the two phases of liquid and vapour, or the two phases of liquid and solid.

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Video Thumbnail

04:08
Solids - Intro

In physics, a solid is a state of matter characterized by rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Solid objects have a definite volume, they resist forces (such as pressure, tension and shear) in all directions, and they have a shape that does not change smoothly with time. The branch of physics that studies solids is called solid-state physics. The physical properties of solids are highly related to their chemical composition and structure. For example, the melting point of ice is significantly lowered if its crystal structure is disrupted.
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03:07
Liquids - Intro

A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. As such, a liquid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas and plasma). A liquid is made up of tiny vibrating particles of matter, such as atoms, held together by intermolecular bonds. Water is, by far, the most common liquid on Earth. Like a gas, a liquid is able to flow and take the shape of a container. Most liquids resist compression, although others can be compressed. Unlike a gas, a liquid does not disperse to fill every space of a container, and maintains a fairly constant density. A distinctive property of the liquid state is surface tension, leading to wetting phenomena.
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