Lead(Il) chromate $\left(\mathrm{PbCrO}_{4}\right)$ is used as the yellow pigment for marking traffic lanes but is banned from house paint because of the risk of lead poisoning. It is produced from chromite (FeCr_a $\mathrm{O}_{4} )$ an ore of chromium:
$$
4 \mathrm{FeCr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}(s)+8 \mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}(a q)+7 \mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow
$$
$$
2 \mathrm{Fe}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}(s)+8 \mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{CrO}_{4}(a q)+8 \mathrm{CO}_{2}(g)
$$
Lead(II) ion then replaces the $\mathrm{K}^{+}$ ion. If a yellow paint is to have 0.511$\% \mathrm{PbCrO}_{4}$ by mass, how many grams of chromite are needed per kilogram of paint?

When powdered zinc is heated with sulfur, a violent reaction occurs, and zinc sulfide forms:
$$
\mathrm{Zn}(s)+\mathrm{S}_{8}(s) \longrightarrow \mathrm{ZnS}(s)[\text { unbalanced }]
$$
Some of the reactants also combine with oxygen in air to form zinc oxide and sulfur dioxide. When 83.2 $\mathrm{g}$ of $\mathrm{Zn}$ reacts with 52.4 $\mathrm{g}$ of $\mathrm{S}_{8}, 104.4 \mathrm{g}$ of $\mathrm{ZnS}$ forms.
(a) What is the percent yield of ZnS?
(b) If all the remaining reactants combine with oxygen, how many grams of each of the two oxides form?

Cocaine $\left(\mathrm{C}_{17} \mathrm{H}_{21} \mathrm{O}_{4} \mathrm{N}\right)$ is a natural substance found in coca leaves, which have been used for centuries as a local anesthetic
and stimulant. Illegal cocaine arrives in the United States either as the pure compound or as the hydrochloride salt $\left(\mathrm{C}_{17} \mathrm{H}_{21} \mathrm{O}_{4} \mathrm{NHCl}\right)$
At $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ the salt is very soluble in water $(2.50 \mathrm{kg} / \mathrm{L}),$ but cocaine is much less so $(1.70 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{L})$
(a) What is the maximum mass $(\text { g) of the salt that can dissolve in }$ 50.0 $\mathrm{mL}$ of water?
(b) If this solution is treated with NaOH, the salt is converted to cocaine. How much more water (L) is needed to dissolve it?

High-temperature superconducting oxides hold great promise in the utility, transportation, and computer industries
(a) One superconductor is $\mathrm{La}_{2-x} \mathrm{Sr}_{x} \mathrm{CuO}_{4}$ . Calculate the molar
masses of this oxide when $x=0, x=1,$ and $x=0.163$
(b) Another common superconducting oxide is made by heating a mixture of barium carbonate, copper(II) oxide, and ytrium(III) oxide, followed by further heating in $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ :
$$
4 \mathrm{BaCO}_{3}(s)+6 \mathrm{CuO}(s)+\mathrm{Y}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}(s) \longrightarrow
$$
$$
2 \mathrm{YBa}_{2} \mathrm{Cu}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{65}(s)+4 \mathrm{CO}_{2}(g)
$$
$$
2 \mathrm{YBa}_{2} \mathrm{Cu}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{6.5}(s)+\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{YBa}_{2} \mathrm{Cu}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{7}(s)
$$
When equal masses of the three reactants are heated, which reactant is limiting?
(c) After the product in part (b) is removed, what is the mass $\%$ of each reactant in the remaining solid mixture?

The zirconium oxalate $\mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{Zr}\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}\right)_{3}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}\right) \cdot \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ was synthesized by mixing 1.68 $\mathrm{g}$ of $\mathrm{ZrOCl}_{2} \cdot 8 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ with 5.20 $\mathrm{g}$ of
$\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4} \cdot 2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ and an excess of aqueous $\mathrm{KOH}$ . After 2 months, 1.25 $\mathrm{g}$ of crystalline product was obtained, along with aqueous $\mathrm{KCl}$ and water. Calculate the percent yield.