Trinitrotoluene is the chemical name for the explosive...

Trinitrotoluene is the chemical name for the explosive commonly known as TNT. Its formula is $\mathrm{C}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{N}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{6}$. TNT is manufactured by the reaction of toluene, $\mathrm{C}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{8},$ with nitric acid: $\mathrm{C}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{8}+3 \mathrm{HNO}_{3} \rightarrow \mathrm{C}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{N}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{6}+3 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$.a) How much nitric acid is needed to react completely with 1.90 kilograms of toluene? b) How many kilograms of TNT can be produced in the reaction?

Trinitrotoluene is the chemical name for the explosive commonly known as TNT. Its formula is $\mathrm{C}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{N}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{6}$. TNT is manufactured by the reaction of toluene, $\mathrm{C}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{8},$ with nitric acid:
$\mathrm{C}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{8}+3 \mathrm{HNO}_{3} \rightarrow \mathrm{C}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{N}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{6}+3 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$.a) How much nitric acid is needed to react completely with 1.90 kilograms of toluene?
b) How many kilograms of TNT can be produced in the reaction?

Key Concepts

Balanced Chemical Equation

A balanced chemical equation is essential for stoichiometric calculations as it shows the precise mole ratios between reactants and products. This ensures that the law of conservation of mass is adhered to, meaning that the number of atoms for each element is the same on both sides of the equation.

Molar Mass

Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole, and is used to convert between the mass of a substance and the number of moles. It is calculated by summing the atomic masses of all atoms in the chemical formula of the compound.

Mole Concept

The mole concept is a fundamental principle in chemistry which uses moles as a counting unit for atoms, molecules, and ions. Understanding the mole concept allows chemists to relate measurable masses of substances to the number of particles involved in a chemical reaction.

Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry involves using the relationships provided by a balanced chemical equation to calculate the amounts of reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction. It allows for the determination of how much of each substance is required or produced, ensuring that the chemical reaction proceeds with complete efficiency.

Mass-to-Mole Conversion

Mass-to-mole conversion is a process used to determine the number of moles of a substance from its mass by using the substance's molar mass. This conversion is a critical step in stoichiometric calculations, as it translates the measured mass into a quantity that can be directly related to the balanced chemical equation.

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