Use ideas presented in this chapter to indicate (a) three...

Use ideas presented in this chapter to indicate (a) three metals that you would expect to exhibit the photoelectric effect with visible light and three that you would not; (b) the noble gas element that should have the highest density in the liquid state; (c) the approximate $I_{1}$ of fermium $(Z=100) ;$ (d) the approximate density of solid radium $(Z=88).$

Key Concepts

Photoelectric Effect and Work Function

This concept explains how electrons are emitted from a material when it is exposed to light of a sufficient frequency. The work function is the minimum energy needed to eject an electron from the metal surface. Metals with a lower work function can emit electrons when irradiated with visible light, while those with a higher work function may require ultraviolet light or higher energy photons. Understanding this concept allows one to predict which metals will exhibit a photoelectric response under visible light illumination.

Trends in Physical Properties of Noble Gases

This concept involves understanding the periodic trends and factors that affect the density and other physical properties of noble gases, especially when liquefied. The density in the liquid state is influenced by the atomic (or molar) mass as well as the interatomic forces, with heavier noble gases generally forming denser liquids under comparable conditions. This idea is critical when predicting which noble gas element is likely to have the highest density in the liquid state.

Ionization Energy and Periodic Trends

Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in the gas phase. In heavy elements, such as those among the actinides, trends in ionization energy can be affected by electron shielding and relativistic effects, among other factors. Understanding this concept helps in approximating the first ionization energy of elements like fermium (Z=100) based on its position in the periodic table and its electronic structure.

Density of Solids and Metallic Elements

The density of a solid element is related to its atomic mass and the arrangement of atoms in its crystal lattice, including factors like atomic packing efficiency. This concept is essential for estimating the density of a metal, such as solid radium (Z=88), by considering how its atomic structure and periodic trends influence its bulk density.

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