Using the periodic table only, arrange the members of each...

Using the periodic table only, arrange the members of each of the following sets in order of increasing bond length:
(a) $\mathrm{H}-\mathrm{F}, \mathrm{H}-\mathrm{I}, \mathrm{H}-\mathrm{C}$
(b) $C-S, C=O, C-O$
(c) $\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{H}, \mathrm{N}-\mathrm{S}, \mathrm{N}-\mathrm{O}$

Key Concepts

Atomic Radius

Atomic radius is the distance from the nucleus of an atom to the outermost electrons. In a covalent bond, the bond length is largely determined by the sizes of the atoms involved. Smaller atoms tend to form shorter bonds because their electron clouds are more compact, whereas larger atoms form longer bonds due to their more extended electron distributions.

Bond Order and Multiple Bonding

Bond order is a measure of the number of chemical bonds between a pair of atoms. Higher bond order (as seen in double or triple bonds) generally leads to stronger and shorter bonds because the increased electron sharing between atoms draws them closer together. In contrast, single bonds have lower bond order and typically longer bond lengths.

Periodic Trends

Periodic trends refer to the systematic changes in atomic properties such as size, electronegativity, and ionization energy across the periodic table. These trends help predict how atoms will behave when forming bonds, as elements in the same group or period often have similar chemical characteristics that directly influence bond lengths. For example, atoms lower in a group have larger radii due to increased electron shells, which typically results in longer bond lengths.

Electronegativity

Electronegativity is a measure of an atom’s ability to attract shared electrons in a chemical bond. Differences in electronegativity between two bonding atoms can affect bond polarity and the distribution of electron density, which in turn can influence bond strength and length. Typically, bonds involving highly electronegative atoms may exhibit shorter bond lengths due to the strong pull exerted on the bonding electrons.

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