What conditions are necessary in order to use the dependent...

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Key Concepts

Paired Observations

The dependent (or paired) samples t-test applies only when the data are collected in pairs such that there is a meaningful connection between each pair of observations. This design implies that each subject or experimental unit is measured twice or in two related conditions, allowing the computation of the difference for each pair.

Normality of the Difference Scores

A key assumption for the paired samples t-test is that the differences between paired observations are approximately normally distributed. This assumption is especially important for small sample sizes. If the differences deviate markedly from normality, the reliability of the t-test results can be compromised.

Scale of Measurement

The dependent samples t-test requires that the data be measured on an interval or ratio scale. This ensures that the differences between paired observations have a meaningful interpretation and that the mathematical operations underlying the test are valid.

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