The mass defect formula is given by $\Delta M = ZM_E + M_P + (A-Z)M_N - M_A$, where $Z$ is the atomic number, $M_E$ is the mass of an electron, $M_P$ is the mass of a proton, $A$ is the atomic mass number, $M_N$ is the mass of a neutron, and $M_A$ is the atomic
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