What is the hybridization of the underlined carbon atom in...

What is the hybridization of the underlined carbon atom in each of these condensed structural formulas? (a) $\mathrm{CH}_{3}-\mathrm{CH}_{2}-\mathrm{CH}_{3} ;$ (b) $\mathrm{CH}_{2}=\mathrm{CH}-\mathrm{CH}_{3}$ (c) $\mathrm{CH}_{3}-\mathrm{CH}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)-\mathrm{CH}_{3} ;$ (d) $\mathrm{CH} \equiv \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{CH}_{3}$ (e) $\mathrm{CH} \equiv \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{CH}_{3}$

What is the hybridization of the underlined carbon atom in each of these condensed structural formulas?
(a) $\mathrm{CH}_{3}-\mathrm{CH}_{2}-\mathrm{CH}_{3} ;$
(b) $\mathrm{CH}_{2}=\mathrm{CH}-\mathrm{CH}_{3}$
(c) $\mathrm{CH}_{3}-\mathrm{CH}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)-\mathrm{CH}_{3} ;$
(d) $\mathrm{CH} \equiv \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{CH}_{3}$
(e) $\mathrm{CH} \equiv \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{CH}_{3}$

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Key Concepts

Carbon Hybridization

Carbon atoms can adopt different hybridization states—sp3, sp2, and sp—depending on the number of electron groups (bonds and lone pairs) present around the atom. This concept is fundamental for predicting molecular geometry and understanding the bonding patterns in organic molecules.

Electron Group Counting

To determine the hybridization of an atom, one counts the number of electron domains (sigma bonds and lone pairs) surrounding it. Four groups indicate sp3 hybridization, three indicate sp2, and two indicate sp hybridization. This approach applies regardless of whether the bonds are single, double, or triple.

Multiple Bonds and Their Role in Hybridization

Multiple bonds, such as double and triple bonds, consist of one sigma bond and one or two pi bonds. The sigma bond utilizes hybridized orbitals, while the pi bonds form from unhybridized p orbitals. The need to form pi bonds impacts the hybridization state of the atom involved.

Structural Formulas in Organic Chemistry

Condensed structural formulas provide a simplified representation of organic molecules, illustrating the connectivity of atoms. Analyzing these formulas by identifying the number and types of bonds around an atom helps in determining its hybridization state, thereby revealing information about its geometry and chemical reactivity.

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