What is the pH of each solution given the following values of [H3 O^+] ? Which solutions are aci

step 1 For this question, you're asked to calculate the pH given the hydronium concentration. Recall th

What is the pH of each solution given the following values...

What is the pH of each solution given the following values of $\left[\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}\right] ?$ Which solutions are acidic, which are basic, and which are neutral?
(a) $10^{-8} M$
(b) $10^{-10} M$
(c) $10^{-2} M$
(d) $10^{0} M$
$(e) 10^{-7} M$

Key Concepts

Autoionization of Water

In very dilute acid or base solutions, the autoionization (self-ionization) of water becomes an important factor. Water naturally produces a small amount of H?O? and OH?, typically around 10?? M at 25°C, which means that for very low concentrations of added acid or base, the contribution from water itself can affect the overall pH.

Logarithmic Relationships

The use of logarithms in the pH calculation compresses a large range of hydronium ion concentrations into a more manageable scale. The negative logarithm converts multiplicative differences in ion concentration into additive differences in pH, simplifying comparisons between solutions.

pH Calculation Formula

The pH of a solution is calculated using the formula pH = -log??[H?O?]. This equation relates the concentration of hydronium ions directly to the acidity of the solution, with higher hydronium ion concentrations producing lower (more acidic) pH values and lower hydronium ion concentrations resulting in higher (more basic) pH values.

pH Scale

The pH scale is a logarithmic scale that typically ranges from 0 to 14. Each unit change represents a tenfold change in hydronium ion concentration. While a lower pH indicates an acidic solution and a higher pH indicates a basic solution, a pH of around 7 is considered neutral at standard temperature.

Acid, Base, and Neutral Classification

Acidic solutions have a pH less than 7, basic (alkaline) solutions have a pH greater than 7, and neutral solutions have a pH close to 7. This classification helps in identifying the nature of a solution based on its hydronium ion concentration and is crucial in various areas of chemistry and biology.

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