When systematists study morphological or behavioral traits to reconstruct the evolutionary history of a group of animals, they assume that:
a. underlying genetic similarities and differences.
b. $\quad$ the animals use exactly the same traits to identify appropriate mates.
c. differences in these traits caused speciation in the past.
d. the adaptive value of these traits can be explained.
e. $\quad$ variations in these traits are produced by environmental effects during development.