Which compounds exhibit geometric isomerism? Draw and name the two isomers in each case: (a) 1 -

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Which compounds exhibit geometric isomerism? Draw and name...

Key Concepts

cis/trans (E/Z) Nomenclature

Geometric isomers are commonly described using cis/trans nomenclature, where 'cis' indicates that similar or higher priority groups are on the same side of the double bond and 'trans' indicates they are on opposite sides. In more complex cases, the E/Z system is used, based on the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules to unambiguously assign the configuration around the double bond.

Geometric Isomerism

This concept refers to the existence of isomers that differ in the spatial arrangement of groups around a double bond. Due to the restricted rotation about the carbon–carbon double bond, different orientations (such as cis and trans) are possible when each of the doubly bonded carbons is attached to two different substituents.

Alkene Double Bond Structure

The carbon–carbon double bond in alkenes consists of one sigma bond and one pi bond. The pi bond, formed by the side?by?side overlap of p orbitals, prevents free rotation, which is a prerequisite for geometric isomerism. Only alkenes where each carbon of the double bond has two different groups can exhibit distinct spatial arrangements.

Substituent Criterion for Geometric Isomerism

For an alkene to show geometric isomerism, each of the sp²-hybridized carbons in the double bond must have two different substituents. If one of the carbons has two identical substituents, the possible arrangements become equivalent, and no geometric isomerism is observed.

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