Which of the following are means by which contact with a...

Which of the following are means by which contact with a specific infectious bacterium or fungus triggers a plant defensive response? a. A plasma membrane receptor binds to a PAMP. b. PR proteins begin to break down components of the pathogen cell wall. c. Systemin binding leads to the synthesis of jasmonate. d. Resistance proteins bind to bacterial virulence effectors that have entered a plant cell. e. Salicylic acid molecules are released from the besieged plant cell.

Which of the following are means by which contact with a specific infectious bacterium or fungus triggers a plant defensive response?
a. A plasma membrane receptor binds to a PAMP.
b. PR proteins begin to break down components of the pathogen cell wall.
c. Systemin binding leads to the synthesis of jasmonate.
d. Resistance proteins bind to bacterial virulence effectors that have entered a plant cell.
e. Salicylic acid molecules are released from the besieged plant cell.

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Key Concepts

PAMP Recognition

This concept involves the detection of conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns by receptors located on the plant cell surface. When these receptors bind to molecular signatures commonly found on microbes such as bacteria and fungi, they initiate signaling cascades that activate the plant's innate immune responses.

Effector Recognition

This concept refers to the process whereby intracellular resistance proteins detect specific pathogen virulence factors or effectors that have been delivered into the plant cell. Upon recognition, these proteins trigger strong defense responses, which can include localized cell death and enhanced systemic resistance.

Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction

This concept encompasses the molecular processes by which extracellular signals—such as the binding of microbial components to cell-surface receptors—are converted into a series of intracellular biochemical events. This signaling ultimately leads to the activation of defense genes and the orchestration of complex immune responses within the plant.

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