Which of the following chemical equations is connected to...

Which of the following chemical equations is connected to the definitions of (a) the first ionization energy of oxygen, (b) the second ionization energy of oxygen, and (c) the electron affinity of oxygen? (i) $\mathrm{O}(g)+\mathrm{e}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{-}(g)$ (ii) $\mathrm{O}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{+}(g)+\mathrm{e}^{-}$ (iii) $\mathrm{O}(\mathrm{g})+2 \mathrm{e}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{2-}(\mathrm{g})$ (iv) $\mathrm{O}(\mathrm{g}) \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{2+}(\mathrm{g})+2 \mathrm{e}^{-}$ (v) $\mathrm{O}^{+}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{2+}(\mathrm{g})+\mathrm{e}^{-}$

Which of the following chemical equations is connected to the definitions of (a) the first ionization energy of oxygen, (b) the second ionization energy of oxygen, and (c) the electron affinity of oxygen?
(i) $\mathrm{O}(g)+\mathrm{e}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{-}(g)$
(ii) $\mathrm{O}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{+}(g)+\mathrm{e}^{-}$
(iii) $\mathrm{O}(\mathrm{g})+2 \mathrm{e}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{2-}(\mathrm{g})$
(iv) $\mathrm{O}(\mathrm{g}) \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{2+}(\mathrm{g})+2 \mathrm{e}^{-}$
(v) $\mathrm{O}^{+}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{2+}(\mathrm{g})+\mathrm{e}^{-}$

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Key Concepts

First Ionization Energy

This is the energy required to remove the most weakly bound electron from a neutral atom in the gas phase. It is a fundamental property that measures how strongly an atom holds onto its electrons and is represented by an equation where a neutral gaseous atom loses one electron to form a singly charged cation.

Second Ionization Energy

This refers to the energy needed to remove a second electron from a singly charged ion, also in the gas phase. After the first electron is removed, the ion holds its remaining electrons more tightly due to the increased effective nuclear charge, typically requiring more energy for the second electron removal.

Electron Affinity

This is the energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a neutral atom in the gas phase to form a negative ion. It indicates how strongly an atom attracts an additional electron; a more exothermic (energy-releasing) process reflects a higher electron affinity.

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