Which of the following electron configurations correspond to...

Which of the following electron configurations correspond to an excited state? Identify the atoms and write the ground-state electron configuration where appropriate. a. $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 3 p^{1}$ b. $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6}$ c. $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{4} 3 s^{1}$ d. $[\mathrm{Ar}] 4 s^{2} 3 d^{5} 4 p^{1}$ How many unpaired electrons are present in each of these species?

Which of the following electron configurations correspond to an excited state? Identify the atoms and write the ground-state electron configuration where appropriate.
a. $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 3 p^{1}$
b. $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6}$
c. $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{4} 3 s^{1}$
d. $[\mathrm{Ar}] 4 s^{2} 3 d^{5} 4 p^{1}$
How many unpaired electrons are present in each of these species?

Key Concepts

Hund's Rule

Hund's rule describes how electrons occupy degenerate orbitals (orbitals of equal energy): electrons will singly occupy each orbital with parallel spins before any orbital is doubly occupied. This rule minimizes electron-electron repulsions and is crucial in correctly predicting electron configurations.

Aufbau Principle

The Aufbau principle is a guideline that states electrons fill orbitals starting with the lowest energy levels first. It helps predict the order in which orbitals are filled, generally progressing from core to valence electrons, and forms the basis for determining ground-state configurations.

Unpaired Electrons

Unpaired electrons refer to electrons in an orbital that do not have a partner with opposite spin. Their presence significantly impacts the magnetic properties of an element, with species having unpaired electrons typically displaying paramagnetism.

Excited State

An excited state is a condition where one or more electrons have absorbed energy and moved from their lowest energy positions (ground state) to a higher energy orbital. This state is typically less stable and exists temporarily before the electrons return to the ground state by releasing energy.

Electron Configuration

Electron configuration describes the distribution of electrons among the orbitals in an atom. It uses a notation that indicates the energy levels, sublevels (s, p, d, f), and the number of electrons in each subshell, offering insight into the chemical and physical properties of the element.

Ground-State Electron Configuration

The ground-state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom when it is in its lowest energy state. It follows specific rules and principles, ensuring that electrons occupy the lowest available energy levels before filling higher levels.

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