Which of the following statements about hybrid orbitals is...

Which of the following statements about hybrid orbitals is or are true? (i) After an atom undergoes sp hybridization there is one unhybridized $p$ orbital on the atom, (ii) Under $s p^{2}$ hybridization, the large lobes point to the vertices of an equilateral triangle, and (iii) The angle between the large lobes of $s p^{3}$ hybrids is $109.5^{\circ}$.

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Key Concepts

Hybridization

Hybridization refers to the process in which atomic orbitals mix to form new, equivalent orbitals that can explain the shapes and bond angles observed in molecules. This concept is fundamental for understanding how atoms bond and how molecular geometries arise.

sp Hybridization

In sp hybridization, one s orbital mixes with one p orbital to form two sp hybrid orbitals that are arranged linearly at an angle of 180°. This leaves two unhybridized p orbitals which can participate in ? bonding or remain as lone electron regions.

sp2 Hybridization

sp² hybridization involves the mixing of one s orbital with two p orbitals to create three sp² hybrid orbitals. These orbitals are arranged in a trigonal planar geometry with approximately 120° separation between them, and one p orbital remains unhybridized, available for ? bonding.

sp3 Hybridization

sp³ hybridization occurs when one s and three p orbitals combine to form four equivalent sp³ hybrid orbitals, which are arranged in a tetrahedral geometry with bond angles of approximately 109.5°. This type of hybridization is crucial for understanding the three-dimensional shape of many molecules.

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