Which of the following statement(s) is(are) true? a. The...

Which of the following statement(s) is(are) true? a. The coordination number of a metal ion in an octahedral complex ion is $8 .$ b. All tetrahedral complex ions are low-spin. c. The formula for triaquatriamminechromium(III) sulfate is $\left[\mathrm{Cr}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{3}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{3}\right]_{2}\left(\mathrm{SO}_{4}\right)_ 3}$ d. The electron configuration of $\mathrm{Hf}^{2+}$ is $[\mathrm{Xe}] 4 f^{12} 6 s^{2}$ e. Hemoglobin contains $\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}$.

Which of the following statement(s) is(are) true?
a. The coordination number of a metal ion in an octahedral complex ion is $8 .$
b. All tetrahedral complex ions are low-spin.
c. The formula for triaquatriamminechromium(III) sulfate is $\left[\mathrm{Cr}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{3}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{3}\right]_{2}\left(\mathrm{SO}_{4}\right)_ 3}$
d. The electron configuration of $\mathrm{Hf}^{2+}$ is $[\mathrm{Xe}] 4 f^{12} 6 s^{2}$
e. Hemoglobin contains $\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}$.

Key Concepts

Bioinorganic Chemistry of Metalloproteins

This area focuses on the role of metal ions in biological systems, such as the iron centers in hemoglobin. Understanding the oxidation state and coordination environment of these metal centers is critical for elucidating their function in processes like oxygen transport and enzyme catalysis.

Complex Ion Formula Construction and Nomenclature

Proper construction and interpretation of complex ion formulas involve identifying the central metal ion, the number, type, and arrangement of attached ligands, and the correct representation of counterions. This precise formulation is essential for understanding the composition and reactivity of coordination compounds.

Electron Configuration of Metal Ions

Determining the electron configuration of metal ions involves accounting for the loss or gain of electrons relative to the neutral atom, particularly in the context of transition and inner transition elements. This concept is fundamental for predicting chemical and physical properties, such as magnetism and spectral characteristics.

Coordination Geometry

Coordination geometry describes the spatial arrangement of the ligand atoms that surround a central atom, such as octahedral or tetrahedral geometries. Each geometry has characteristic bond angles and coordination numbers, which help in predicting the behavior and properties of the complex.

Coordination Number

This refers to the number of ligand atoms that are bonded directly to a central metal ion in a complex. It plays a crucial role in determining the geometry and the stereochemistry of the complex, influencing properties such as reactivity, magnetism, and color.

Spin States in Coordination Complexes

Spin states, classified as low-spin or high-spin, depend on the ligand field strength and the pairing energy of electrons in transition metal complexes. This concept explains how electron pairing in d-orbitals can lead to different magnetic properties and reactivity, and is critical for understanding the electronic structure of complexes.

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