Which of the following substances are likely to be soluble...

Which of the following substances are likely to be soluble in water?
(a) $\mathrm{ZnS} \quad$ (b) $\mathrm{Au}_{2}\left(\mathrm{CO}_{3}\right)_{3} \quad$ (c) $\mathrm{PbCl}_{2} \quad$ (d) $\mathrm{MnO}_{2}$

Key Concepts

Solubility of Metal Chlorides

Metal chlorides are generally soluble in water according to solubility rules; however, there are notable exceptions based on the specific metal involved and factors such as temperature. This concept highlights that while many chloride salts dissolve in water, some compounds, particularly those involving heavy metals or forming only sparingly soluble compounds, may exhibit limited solubility.

Metal-Based Sulfides and Carbonates Solubility

Certain metal sulfides and carbonates tend to be insoluble in water due to their high lattice energies and the low hydration energies of the ions involved. This concept is crucial for predicting the solubility of compounds such as metal sulfides and metal carbonates, which typically form insoluble precipitates except when paired with alkali metal ions.

Solubility Rules in Aqueous Solutions

This concept refers to the set of empirical guidelines that help predict whether a compound will dissolve in water. These rules take into account the nature of the ions present in the compound and typical behaviors of certain chemical groups, such as the general insolubility of many sulfides and carbonates (except those of alkali metals) and the general solubility of many chloride salts.

Ionic Compounds and Lattice Energy

Ionic compounds are held together by strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions, described by lattice energy. The ability of water to dissolve an ionic compound depends on whether the hydration energy provided by water molecules can overcome the lattice energy. Compounds with high lattice energy often remain insoluble because the energy required to break the ionic lattice is greater than the energy released during hydration.

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