Which of these elements can form compounds with five or six...

Which of these elements can form compounds with five or six pairs of valence electrons surrounding their atoms?
(a) $\mathrm{C}$
(b) $\mathbf{P}$
(c) $\overline{\mathrm{O}}$
(d) $\overline{\mathbf{F}}$
(e) $\overline{\mathrm{C}}$
(f) $\mathrm{B}$
(g) Se
(h) Sn

Key Concepts

Octet Rule

The octet rule is a chemical principle that atoms tend to form compounds in such a way that they have eight electrons in their valence shell, leading to a stable electron configuration similar to that of noble gases. This rule is generally applicable to the second?period elements, which do not have available d orbitals.

Expanded Octet

The concept of an expanded octet refers to the ability of atoms (typically those in the third period or below) to hold more than eight electrons in their valence shell. This is possible because these atoms have vacant d orbitals that can participate in bonding, allowing the formation of compounds with five or six pairs of electrons around the central atom.

Hypervalent Compounds

Hypervalent compounds are molecules in which the central atom has more than eight electrons in its valence shell. Such compounds exemplify the phenomenon of expanded octets and typically occur with elements beyond the second period, where the availability of d orbitals facilitates bonding with additional electron pairs.

Periodicity and d?Orbital Availability

The periodic trends in the periodic table indicate that atoms in the third period and beyond can utilize d orbitals for bonding, thereby expanding their valence shell beyond eight electrons. This availability of d orbitals is crucial for the formation of hypervalent compounds, as seen in elements like phosphorus and selenium.

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