Why do diabetics produce high levels of ketone bodies? |...

Name: Problem 64, Chapter 18: Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
Uploaded: 2021-07-27T06:04:46-08:00
Duration: 7 min 2 s
Channel: Bryan Valdivia
Description: Why do diabetics produce high levels of ketone bodies?

Key Concepts

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Excessive production of ketone bodies can result in diabetic ketoacidosis, a dangerous condition characterized by high blood acidity. This occurs when ketone bodies accumulate in the blood, overwhelming the body’s buffering capacity, and leading to serious electrolyte imbalances and metabolic disturbances.

Ketogenesis

When the amount of acetyl-CoA produced exceeds the capacity of the citric acid cycle, the liver converts the surplus acetyl-CoA into ketone bodies. This process, known as ketogenesis, is an adaptive mechanism to provide alternative energy substrates but can lead to metabolic imbalances when overproduced.

Fatty Acid Oxidation

The elevated levels of free fatty acids are transported to the liver where they undergo fatty acid oxidation. This process converts fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, a key intermediate that can serve as an energy source, especially when glucose utilization is compromised.

Lipolysis

With inadequate insulin, the inhibition of lipolysis is reduced, leading adipose tissue to break down stored fats into free fatty acids and glycerol. These free fatty acids become available in larger quantities in the bloodstream, preparing them for further metabolic processing in the liver.

Insulin Deficiency

In diabetes, particularly type 1, the lack of sufficient insulin impairs the body’s ability to use glucose as an energy source. Insulin normally facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells, so its deficiency forces the body to seek alternative fuel sources, setting off a cascade of metabolic changes.

Transcript

00:01 Okay, in order of this question, we have to talk about the relationship between diabetes and the beta oxidation of various acids.

00:10 Remember that in diabetics, there is going to be low levels of insulin.

00:20 Okay, because of insulin resistance or because of there is no production of insulin from the beta cells of the pancreas that occurs, for example, in type 1 diabetes.

00:33 Okay? but in general there is going to be low insulin function or low insulin levels very low insulin levels so remember that insulin is necessary for for example skeletal muscle or adipocytes to express glute receptors on the surface and allow the intake of glucose inside okay and glucose can be metabolized it into atp.

01:07 When there is low insulin deficiency or low insulin levels, these glucose are not going to be expressed and glucose is going to remain in the blood and this is going to cause hyperalicemia.

01:22 Also glucose normally is totally absorbed, normally, totally, 100 % absorbed in the proximal tubule of the kidneys.

01:37 Okay.

01:38 But, as there is going to be hyperglycemia, then these high levels of glucose are going to saturate all the transporters in the proximal tubule, and all the glucose is going to move, or many glucose molecules are going to move forward, and there is going to be glucose enduring.

01:55 Okay, and it is called glucosuria.

01:59 So, as normally many cells are not going to be able to catch or to get glucose from the blood, then first our liver is going to think that there are no glucose levels enough glucose levels in our body but we know that it is that it is not true because there are high levels of glucose the problem is that the tissues cannot get this glucose into them so the liver in an attempt to to fix this to increase the glucose levels it is going to develop or increase the process of glyco generalize that is going to break down glycogen into glucose.

02:42 This is going to cause even more hyperglycemia.

02:46 And it is not going to work because this is not a problem.

02:49 The problem is like insulin is the free science.

02:52 There are low levels of insulin.

02:54 That's a problem.

02:55 Then the liver is also going to do another process called gluconeogenesis.

03:01 Okay.

03:02 Remember that when you have pyrobat, it is going to react with oxalo acetate...